Developing an institutional control framework for contaminated sites in China: An analytical case study.

Institutional controls, as an important measure for risk management of contaminated sites, is widely used in site management by the United States, Canada and European countries. At present, some regions in China have also begun to explore the implementation of institutional controls, but its path, safeguard mechanism, and tracking evaluation are still unclear. Based on China's unique contaminated site remediation control system and land management system, this paper proposes a framework for the whole life cycle institutional controls of China's contaminated sites: (1) evaluate the need for institutional controls; (2) establish the objectives of institutional controls; (3) identify the restrictive requirements of institutional controls; (4) establish the implementation form of institutional controls; and (5) regularly review the effectiveness of institutional controls. To demonstrate the applicability of the institutional control framework, a case demonstration study was conducted at a petrochemical contaminated site in China. By analyzing the information on residual pollutants after the implementation of risk management measures at the site, the exposure pathways and hazards in case of re-release, and the engineering facilities, we proposed eight restrictive requirements, including the prohibition of disturbing and damaging the clean and planted soil layers of the site and the protection of long-term monitoring wells. At the same time, we constructed a multi-departmental pathway to implement institutional controls in conjunction with ecological environment, natural resources and housing departments to ensure effective implementation of institutional controls. Eventually, we summarized a set of replicable and generalizable institutional controls application models, which provide valuable theoretical and practical support for China and other local governments in the implementation of institutional controls at contaminated sites.