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Introduction: Knockout of the Fmo5 gene in mice led to a lean, slow-ageing phenotype characterised by the presence of 2,3-butanediol isomers in their urine and plasma. Oral treatment of wildtype mice with 2,3-butanediol led to a low cholesterol, low epididymal fat phenotype.

Objectives: Determine if significant, heterozygous coding variations in human FMO5 would give rise to similar clinical and metabolic phenotypes in humans, as in C57BL/6J mice with knockout of the Fmo5 gene and in particular, increased excretion of 2,3-butanediol.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) significantly increases the risk of various complications during pregnancy and elevates the lifelong susceptibility to metabolic disorders. Previous studies have indicated elevated cortisol levels in women with GDM, and hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) contributes to diabetes mellitus. However, the specific mechanism by which cortisol affects FMO3 and its roles in GDM remain unclear.

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Next-generation tetracycline antibiotics are threatened by an emerging resistance mechanism ─ enzymatic inactivation. The relevant enzymes ─ tetracycline destructases (TDases) ─ are structural homologues of class A flavin monooxygenase (FMO) that oxidize tetracycline antibiotics, leading to various inactive degradation products. Small molecule inhibitors of antibiotic-inactivating enzymes are critical clinical therapeutics used to manage bacterial resistance with combination therapy.

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Microphysiological systems (MPS) contain multiple cell types in three-dimension and often incorporate fluidic shear forces. There is interest in MPS for disease and efficacy modeling, safety and disposition studies. Animal cell-based MPS are needed to provide confidence in translation of data from human cell-based MPS.

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Filament elongation and pollen development regulated by auxin is crucial for male fertility in Arabidopsis.

Plant Physiol Biochem

August 2025

Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. Electronic address:

The flavin monooxygenase encoded by YUCCA (YUC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in auxin biosynthesis, and its spatiotemporal expression regulates local auxin biosynthesis, resulting in a dose-dependent regulation of flower development. Previous research reported that decreased fertility in yuc2yuc6 double mutant was caused by abnormal development of pollen. In this study, we found that yuc2yuc6 showed different fertility between early (growth stage 6.

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