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Article Abstract
According to classical immunology theory, immunoglobulin (Ig) is exclusively produced by differentiated B lymphocytes, which exhibit a typical tetrapeptide chain structure and are predominantly present on the surface of B cells and in bodily fluids. B-Ig is one of the critical effector molecules for humoral immune responses specifically recognising antigens and eliminating them. However, mounting evidence has demonstrated that Ig is widely expressed in non B lineage cells, especially malignant ones (referred to as non B-Ig). Interestingly, non B-Ig mainly resides in the cytoplasm and secretion, but to some extent on the cell surface. Furthermore non B-Ig not only displays a tetrapeptide chain structure but also shows free heavy chains and free light chains (FLCs). Additionally, Ig derived from non B cancer cell typically displays unique glycosylation modifications. Functionally, non B-Ig demonstrated diversity and versatility, showing antibody activity and cellular biological activity, such as promoting cell proliferation and survival, and it is implicated in cancer progression and some immune-related diseases, such as renal diseases.
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