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Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) involves an imbalance in the brain's dual system, characterized by heightened reward seeking and diminished cognitive control, which lead to decision-making challenges. The exploration-exploitation strategy is key to decision making, but how IGD affects this process is unclear.
Methods: To investigate the impact of IGD on decision making, a modified version of the 2-armed bandit task was employed. Participants included 41 individuals with IGD and 44 healthy control individuals. The study assessed the strategies used by participants in the task, particularly focusing on the exploitation-exploration strategy. Additionally, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine brain activation patterns during decision-making and estimation phases.
Results: The study found that individuals with IGD demonstrated greater reliance on exploitative strategies in decision making due to their elevated value-seeking tendencies and decreased cognitive control. Individuals with IGD also displayed heightened activation in the presupplementary motor area and the ventral striatum compared with the healthy control group in both decision-making and estimation phases. Meanwhile, the prefrontal cortex showed more inhibition in individuals with IGD than in the healthy control group during exploitative strategies. This inhibition decreased as cognitive control diminished.
Conclusions: The imbalance in the development of the dual system in individuals with IGD may lead to an overreliance on exploitative strategies. This imbalance, marked by increased reward seeking and reduced cognitive control, contributes to difficulties in decision making and value-related behavioral processes in individuals with IGD.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.05.005 | DOI Listing |
Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging
September 2025
Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China. Electronic address:
Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition, yet the underlying neurobiological subtypes remain to be elucidated. Investigating the sub-patterns of spontaneous neural activity and the state switching from individual to group patterns may provide deeper insights into the etiology of IGD.
Methods: Resting-state functional MRI data were collected from 519 participants (257 with IGD; 262 recreational game users, RGU).
Addict Behav
August 2025
State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. Electronic address:
Introduction: Existing diagnosis systems, such as DSM-5 and ICD-11, predominantly rely on a dichotomous approach, flat, cross-sectional definitions of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) that fail to capture the persistent, evolving nature and may contribute to heterogeneity. Applying a clinical staging approach, we propose that IGD spans a continuum with early stages marked by euphoria from gaming and later stages by compulsive gaming. This study aimed to empirically identify distinct IGD stages.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain Behav
September 2025
Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Objective: Observational research indicates that immune cells, in conjunction with circulating inflammatory proteins, could serve two functions in the development of delirium, despite the fact that the exact mechanisms remain ambiguous. The objective of this research is to identify the specific pathways through which immune cells trigger delirium and to evaluate the possible function of circulating inflammatory proteins as intermediaries.
Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using summary-level data from genome-wide association studies, which included 731 immune cells, 91 inflammatory proteins, and their association with delirium.
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi
September 2025
Department of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Diseases, Beijing 100044, China.
To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with IgD type systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis. The patients diagnosed with IgD-type AL amyloidosis at Peking University People's Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from June 2013 to April 2023 (IgD group) were retrospectively included. These patients were matched with non-IgD type AL amyloidosis patients using a 1∶4 propensity score (non-IgD group).
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