AI-based pipeline for early screening of lung cancer: integrating radiology, clinical, and genomics data.

Background: The prognosis of lung carcinoma has changed since the discovery of molecular targets and their specific drugs. Somatic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor () mutations have been reported in lung carcinoma, and these mutant proteins act as substrates for targeted therapies. However, in a resource-constrained country like India, panel-based next-generation sequencing cannot be made available to the population at large. Additional challenges such as adequacy of tissue in case of lung core biopsies and locating suitable tumour tissues as a result of innate intratumoral heterogeneity indicate the necessity of an AI-based end-to-end pipeline capable of automatically detecting and learning more effective lung nodule features from CT images and predicting the probability of the -mutant. This will help the oncologists and patients in resource-limited settings to achieve near-optimal care and appropriate therapy.

Methods: The gene sequencing and CT imaging data of 2277 patients with lung carcinoma were included from three cohorts in India and a White population cohort collected from TCIA. Another cohort LIDC-IDRI was used to train the AIPS-Nodule (AIPS-N) model for automatic detection and characterisation of lung nodules. We explored the value of combining the results of the AIPS-N with the clinical factors in the AIPS-Mutation (AIPS-M) model for predicting genotype, and it was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC).

Findings: AIPS-N achieved an average AP50 of 70.19% in detecting the location of nodules within the lung region of interest during validation and predicted the score of five lung nodule properties. The AIPS-M machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models achieved AUCs ranging from 0.587 to 0.910.

Interpretation: The AIPS suggests that CT imaging combined with a fully automated lung-nodule analysis AI system can predict genotype and identify patients with an mutation in a cost-effective and non-invasive manner.

Funding: This work was supported by a grant provided by Conquer Cancer Foundation of ASCO [2021IIG-5555960128] and Pfizer Products India Pvt. Ltd.