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Context: Volleyball is a complex sport involving multifaceted movements and high-velocity actions, leading to diverse external training loads (ETLs) that have profound implications for player performance and injury risk.
Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of the measurement of ETL in volleyball, identify gaps in current understanding, and offer valuable insights for stakeholders in the field.
Data Sources: The literature search was conducted across the following electronic databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus.
Study Selection: Studies were selected based on their relevance to the measurement of ETL in volleyball.
Study Design: A scoping review methodology was chosen to map and summarize the broad body of literature related to ETL measurement in volleyball.
Level Of Evidence: Level 4.
Data Extraction: Data related to ETL measurements in volleyball were extracted and analyzed from the selected studies, focusing on metrics utilized, player positions examined, and technologies employed.
Results: A total of 18 studies related to ETL in volleyball were identified and examined for this review. Despite the importance of sagittal plane movements in volleyball, the review identified a substantial research gap regarding ETL measurements beyond this plane, as well as a lack of focus on the unique demands of different player positions like the liberos. The use of technologies such as inertial measurement units was prevalent, but more comprehensive measurement methods are needed.
Conclusion: There is a critical need for diversified ETL metrics in volleyball, extending beyond the conventional sagittal plane measurements. The findings highlight a substantial research gap in addressing the unique demands of different player positions, notably the liberos. This study underscores the importance of incorporating multiplanar movement data, player-specific roles, and advanced measurement technologies to develop more tailored training programs and injury prevention strategies.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569689 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19417381241237738 | DOI Listing |
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
September 2025
Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
Purpose: Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is present in as many as 67%-100% of athletes with shoulder injuries but it is also highly present in many asymptomatic individuals. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyse SD among asymptomatic professional basketball players.
Methods: A total of 54 European professional basketball players of various professional levels and ages were included in this prospectively recruited cross-sectional study.
J Exp Bot
September 2025
Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Pollen apertures are specialized regions on the pollen surface that receive little to no exine deposition, forming distinct structures important for pollen function. Aperture number, shape, and positions vary widely across species, resulting in diverse, species-specific patterns that make apertures fascinating from both cell-biological and evolutionary perspectives. Aperture formation requires developing pollen to establish polarity and define specific regions of the plasma membrane as aperture domains.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSports Med
September 2025
Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Background: Growing concern surrounds the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in high-level collision sports, but research on Rugby Union's connection to these diseases is limited.
Objective: This study sought to examine the long-term neurodegenerative disease risk associated with participation in high-level Rugby Union ('rugby'), utilising whole-population administrative records.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study in New Zealand compared males born between 1920 and 1984 who were active in high-level (provincial or higher) rugby between 1950 and 2000 (n = 12,861) with males from the general population (n = 2,394,300), matched by age, ethnicity, and birthplace.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
September 2025
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Purpose: This study aims to characterize the mechanism of multi-ligament knee injury (MLKI) sustained during a National Football League (NFL) game through video analysis.
Methods: A retrospective video analysis of official NFL game footage spanning 1997-2022 was performed. Players with MLKIs were identified from publicly available injury surveillance data.
Int J Sports Phys Ther
September 2025
Background: The Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) is a valid and reliable test commonly used during return to sport testing. While reference values have been determined for multiple sports, few have specifically considered National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) American football players.
Purpose: To provide reference values on the CKCUEST for NCAA football players with considerations for position, history of upper extremity injury, year in school, and division of college football.