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Gene mutations cannot explain all drug resistance of , and the overexpression of efflux pump genes is considered another important cause of drug resistance. A total of 46 clinical isolates were included in this study to analyze the overexpression of efflux pump genes in different resistant types of strains. The results showed that overexpression of efflux pump genes did not occur in sensitive strains. There was no significant trend in the overexpression of efflux pump genes before and after one-half of MIC drug induction. By adding the efflux pump inhibitor verapamil, we can observe the decrease of MIC of some drug-resistant strains. At the same time, this study ensured the reliability of calculating the relative expression level of efflux pump genes by screening reference genes and using two reference genes for the normalization of quantitative PCR. Therefore, this study confirms that the overexpression of efflux pump genes plays an important role in the drug resistance of clinical isolates of .
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02510-23 | DOI Listing |
mBio
September 2025
Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) ESKAPE pathogens pose a significant global health threat due to their ability to evade antibiotics through intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. These bacteria, including , , , , , and species, evade antibiotics through intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms. Common strategies include capsule formation, biofilm, β-lactamase production, and efflux activity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Control Release
September 2025
Di.S.T.A.Bi.F., University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy. Electronic address:
Bacterial infections have emerged as a critical global health concern. More specifically, antibiotic resistant infections, severely compromise the effectiveness of standard antimicrobial therapies and prompting the exploration of alternative strategies. Among these, nanocarriers (NCs) have gained considerable interest due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery while minimizing off-target effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBioorg Chem
September 2025
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shandong Key Laboratory of Druggability Optimization and Evaluation for Lead Compounds, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China. Electronic address:
A series of novel 3,3-dimethyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological activity as AcrB inhibitors. The compounds were assessed for their antibiotic potentiating effects, followed by evaluation of Nile Red efflux inhibition, and off-target effects including activity on the outer and inner bacterial membranes. Ten compounds potentiated antibiotic activity at sub-inhibitory concentrations, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of at least one of the tested antibiotics by at least 8-fold, with three derivatives (7c, 11g, and 11i) achieving 32-fold MIC reductions at 128 μg/mL.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: (formerly ) is a leading cause of invasive candidiasis and rapidly develops antifungal drug resistance during treatment. An increasing number of clinical isolates shows reduced susceptibility to echinocandins and azoles, leaving amphotericin B (AMB) as a last therapeutic option. Resistance of to this drug is rare and its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Antimicrob Chemother
September 2025
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, China-Singapore Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Infection Research and Drug Development, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Cen
Background: Clofazimine is a promising repurposed drug for treating Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex pulmonary disease, but its resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium intracellulare remain poorly understood.
Objective: This study aims to elucidate the resistance mechanisms of M. intracellulare to clofazimine.