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The shelf-life of bread is influenced by flour components, such as starch, composed of amylose and amylopectin. The aim was to test the effect of different balances of N (45, 90, 135 kg/ha) and P (48, 96 kg/ha) fertilizers on the flour characteristics and consequently the shelf-life of PDO Tuscan bread, stored in different modified atmosphere packaging (Ar, N, Air). The amylose and phytochemical compounds were increased by N and decreased by the addition of P, but excessive doses of N (135 kg/ha) had a negative effect on flour quality. In the bread, the study highlighted the tendency of N and Ar, as storage filler gases, to reduce water loss, slow down the staling process, and prolong shelf-life. However, the most significant influence on shelf-life was related to the different fertilizations of wheat. In fact, when N was present in equal dose to P (90/96 or 45/48 kg/ha) or slightly higher (90/48 kg/ha), the bread tended to last longer over time. Instead, when these ratios were unbalanced in favor of N (135/48 or 135/96 kg/ha) and in favor of P (45/96 kg/ha), the shelf-life decreased considerably.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142672 | DOI Listing |
J Food Sci
September 2025
College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
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College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
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College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China. Electronic address:
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