Comparison on distribution and sources of typical major and toxic trace elements in various glacial watersheds of the northeast Tibetan Plateau.

Toxic and major elements, such as As and Fe, in watersheds can significantly impact the surrounding water environment and ecosystem. Thus, in this study, we conducted an investigation into the origins and spatial distribution of typical toxic trace elements (As and Mn) and crustal major elements (Al, Fe, and Ti) in suspended particulate matter (SPM) across various glacial watersheds located at different elevations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) from June to July in 2017. The results revealed that the mean value of each element followed the order of abundance in the samples, with Al having the highest mean value at 21307 µg/L, followed by Fe at 13366 µg/L, Ti at 1520 µg/L, Mn at 245 µg/L, and As at 66.6 µg/L. Moreover, our study identified high content of these elements from the Dabanshan Snowpack, Laohugou Glacier No.12, and Yuzhufeng Glacier in the upper reaches of the basin, which were found to be 9.9, 10.2, and 19.4 times higher, respectively, than that of the upper reaches of the Heihe River. We found that As and Mn exhibited clear indications of anthropogenic influence on a local and regional scale. The calculated enrichment factor (EF) demonstrated a significant As enrichment (EF>100) in the Qiyi and Lenglongling Glaciers, possibly resulting in the release of upstream glacier melt and anthropogenic-derived As deposition. Our findings suggested that the upstream region was primarily linked to glacier meltwater discharge. In contrast, the middle and lower reaches of the basin exhibited a more pronounced influence from local human activities. Based on the findings, the water environment of the glacier watershed appears to be in good condition overall. However, the presence of elevated levels of As element in the water system can be traced back to both anthropogenic and natural factors. As a result, ensuring the safety of the water supply for nearby residents is a matter of utmost concern. This study provides a comprehensive examination of hydrochemical variations and the overall water environment of high-altitude glacier basins in the NETP, offering valuable insights into the topic.