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Brain-inspired hardware emulates the structure and working principles of a biological brain and may address the hardware bottleneck for fast-growing artificial intelligence (AI). Current brain-inspired silicon chips are promising but still limit their power to fully mimic brain function for AI computing. Here, we develop , living AI hardware that harnesses the computation power of 3D biological neural networks in a brain organoid. Brain-like 3D cultures compute by receiving and sending information via a multielectrode array. Applying spatiotemporal electrical stimulation, this approach not only exhibits nonlinear dynamics and fading memory properties but also learns from training data. Further experiments demonstrate real-world applications in solving non-linear equations. This approach may provide new insights into AI hardware.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.28.530502 | DOI Listing |
Biochem Biophys Rep
December 2025
Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Brillouin microscopy allows mechanical investigations of biological materials at the subcellular level and can be integrated with Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous chemical mapping, thus enabling a more comprehensive interpretation of biomechanics. The present study investigates different in vitro glioblastoma models using a combination of Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopy. Spheroids of the U87-MG cell line and two patient-derived cell lines as well as patient-derived organoids were used.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEMBO Mol Med
September 2025
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center & Ministry of Education Stem Cell Resource Center, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Li
Primary microcephaly, a rare congenital condition characterized by reduced brain size, occurs due to impaired neurogenesis during brain development. Through whole-exome sequencing, we identified compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in CENTRIN 3 (CETN3) in a 5-year-old patient with primary microcephaly. As CETN3 has not been previously linked to microcephaly, we investigated its potential function in neurodevelopment in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell Rep
September 2025
Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Un
Neurodevelopmental disorders often impair multiple cognitive domains. For instance, a genetic epilepsy syndrome might cause seizures due to cortical hyperexcitability and present with memory impairments arising from hippocampal dysfunction. This study examines how a single disorder differentially affects distinct brain regions using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical- and hippocampal-ganglionic eminence assembloids to model developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 13, a condition arising from gain-of-function mutations in the SCN8A gene encoding the sodium channel Nav1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain
September 2025
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
Animal models of the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) have provided most of the treatments to date, but the disease is restricted to human patients. In vitro models using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-derived neural organoids have provided improved access to study PD etiology. This study established a method to generate human striatal-midbrain assembloids (hSMAs) from hPSCs for modeling alpha-synuclein (α-syn) propagation and recapitulating basal ganglia circuits, including nigrostriatal and striatonigral pathways.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFiScience
September 2025
Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany.
Efforts to efficiently target brain tumors are constrained by the dearth of appropriate models to study tumor behavior toward treatment approaches as well as potential side effects to the surrounding normal tissue. We established a reproducible cerebral organoid model of brain tumorigenesis in an autologous setting by overexpressing , a common oncogene in brain tumors. GFP/c-MYC cells were isolated from tumor organoids and used in two different approaches: GFP/c-MYC cells co-cultured with cerebral organoid slices or fused as spheres to whole organoids.
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