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In this study, breast phantoms were fabricated by emulating glandular and adipose tissues separately using a three-dimensional (3D) printer. In addition, direct and quantitative glandular dose evaluations were performed. A quantitative method was developed to evaluate the glandular and adipose tissues separately when performing glandular dose evaluations. The variables used for glandular dose evaluation were breast thickness, glandular tissue ratio, and additional filter materials. The values obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation and those measured using a glass dosimeter were compared and analyzed. The analysis showed that as the glandular tissue ratio increased, the dose decreased by approximately 10%, which is not a significant variation. The comparison revealed that the simulated values of the glandular dose were approximately 15% higher than the measured values. The use of silver and rhodium filters resulted in a mean simulated dose of 1.00 mGy and 0.72 mGy, respectively, while the corresponding mean measured values were 0.89 mGy ± 0.03 mGy and 0.62 mGy ± 0.02 mGy. The mean glandular dose can be reliably evaluated by comparing the simulated and measured values.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13408 | DOI Listing |
Med Phys
September 2025
Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA.
Background: In contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) and contrast-enhanced digital breast tomosynthesis (CEDBT), low-energy (LE) and high-energy (HE) images are acquired after injection of iodine contrast agent. Weighted subtraction is then applied to generate dual-energy (DE) images, where normal breast tissues are suppressed, leaving iodinated objects enhanced. Currently, clinical systems employ a dual-shot (DS) method, where LE and HE images are acquired with two separate exposures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Radiol Prot
September 2025
Radiological Physics & Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA.
Purpose This foundational study aims to support the development of regional Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for mammography screening in India by estimating Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) using appropriate breast-equivalent phantoms across Computed Mammography (CR), Digital Mammography (DR), and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) systems. Additionally, system-displayed MGD values were compared with calculated MGDs to evaluate their accuracy for routine clinical use. Methods A total of 5,000 mammographic views were collected across CR, DR, and DBT units.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRadiography (Lond)
August 2025
Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Health Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan.
Introduction: Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are one of the most important radiation protection methods in medical imaging to help optimize radiation exposure during imaging procedures. The study aimed to establish national DRL for digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in Jordan, considering variations in compressed breast thickness (CBT) and breast density.
Methodology: The exposure parameters, average glandular dose (AGD), CBT, breast density, and viewing projection were extracted.
J Appl Clin Med Phys
September 2025
Cancer Control Program, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Background: Mammography is a critical tool for early breast cancer detection, but its use of ionizing radiation necessitates careful monitoring and optimization of patient exposure to ensure safety. Conventional methods for reporting diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) rely on wide compressed breast thickness (CBT) ranges, which lack the precision to account for individual variations, limiting their effectiveness in optimizing mammographic radiation doses.
Purpose: To develop an equation-based approach that provides a DRL for any given CBT.
Curr Probl Diagn Radiol
August 2025
Department of Radiodiagnosis, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
Purpose: To determine whether low-energy (LE) images acquired during contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) are diagnostically and technically comparable to full-field digital mammography (FFDM) using standardised image quality and lesion conspicuity metrics.
Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, 268 women (mean age: 44.6 years) who underwent both FFDM and CEM imaging, were included.