Lensless Three-Dimensional Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Phase Retrieval Algorithm.

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) techniques are widely used for the label-free examining of transparent biological samples. QPI techniques can be broadly classified into interference-based and interferenceless methods. The interferometric methods which record the complex amplitude are usually bulky with many optical components and use coherent illumination. The interferenceless approaches which need only the intensity distribution and works using phase retrieval algorithms have gained attention as they require lesser resources, cost, space and can work with incoherent illumination. With rapid developments in computational optical techniques and deep learning, QPI has reached new levels of applications. In this tutorial, we discuss one of the basic optical configurations of a lensless QPI technique based on the phase-retrieval algorithm. Simulative studies on QPI of thin, thick, and greyscale phase objects with assistive pseudo-codes and computational codes in Octave is provided. Binary phase samples with positive and negative resist profiles were fabricated using lithography, and a single plane and two plane phase objects were constructed. Light diffracted from a point object is modulated by phase samples and the corresponding intensity patterns are recorded. The phase retrieval approach is applied for 2D and 3D phase reconstructions. Commented codes in Octave for image acquisition and automation using a web camera in an open source operating system are provided.