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Elastic or deformable liposomes are phospholipid-based vesicular drug delivery systems that help improve the delivery of therapeutic agents through the intact skin membrane due to their deformable characteristics that overcome the problems of conventional liposomes. In the present review, different types of deformable liposomes such as transfersomes, ethosomes, menthosomes, invasomes and transethosome are studied, and their mechanism of action, characterization, preparation methods, and applications in pharmaceutical technology through topical, transdermal, nasal and oral routes for effective drug delivery are compared for their potential transdermal delivery of poorly permeable drugs. Due to the deformable characteristics of these vehicles, it resulted in modulation of increased drug encapsulation efficiency, permeation and penetration of the drug into or through the skin membrane and are found to be more effective than conventional drug delivery systems. So deformable liposomes can, therefore, be considered as a promising way of delivering the drugs transdermally.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.112878.13997 | DOI Listing |
Polymers (Basel)
August 2025
Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
Polymers and polymer composites offer versatile possibilities for engineering the physico-chemical properties of materials on micro- and macroscopic scales. This review provides an overview of polymeric and polymer-decorated particles that can serve as drug-delivery vectors: linear polymers, star polymers, diblock-copolymer micelles, polymer-grafted nanoparticles, polymersomes, stealth liposomes, microgels, and biomolecular condensates. The physico-chemical interactions between the delivery vectors and biological cells range from chemical interactions on the molecular scale to deformation energies on the particle scale.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMethods Mol Biol
August 2025
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are large, spherical lipid bilayer vesicles typically ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers in diameter, far exceeding the size of typical small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) employed, for example, in liposome floatation assays. Their unique size and structural simplicity make them particularly suitable for a wide range of biophysical studies. GUVs serve as versatile model systems for studying membrane-protein interactions, membrane curvature sensing, and membrane remodeling processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Urol
August 2025
Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Disease of Urological Systems, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 80 Cui YinMen Street, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China.
Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a globally prevalent urinary system disorder whose pathogenesis involves complex interactions among metabolic, genetic, and environmental factors. Although the role of glucose metabolism in KSD has been widely studied, the impact of lipid metabolism abnormalities remains unclear. This review systematically integrates epidemiological, animal model, and molecular mechanism studies to explore the mechanisms by which lipid metabolism disorders promote KSD through key regulatory factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), and apolipoproteins, synergizing with organelle damage pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and ferroptosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Pharm Sci
August 2025
Nitte (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore, India. Electronic address:
Ductal carcinoma in situ is characterized by abnormal epithelial proliferation in breast ducts. Standard therapy with tamoxifen is considered an overtreatment for this indolent condition, emphasizing the need for alternatives. This study aimed to explore a novel stratum corneum lipid-based ultra-flexible combisomal gel co-loaded with 4-hydroxytamoxifen and thymoquinone for transpapillary delivery in DCIS management.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMolecules
August 2025
Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive, multifactorial complication of diabetes and one of the major global causes of visual impairment. Its pathogenesis involves chronic hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and pathological angiogenesis, as well as emerging systemic contributors such as gut microbiota dysregulation. While current treatments, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, corticosteroids, and laser photocoagulation, have shown clinical efficacy, they are largely limited to advanced stages of DR, require repeated invasive procedures, and do not adequately address early neurovascular and metabolic abnormalities.
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