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Derivatives of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Monosaccharides are the single carbohydrate building blocks, such as glucose, xylose, and fructose. Oligosaccharides are composed of 2-10 monosaccharides, including disaccharides and trisaccharides. Moreover, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and their derivatives are vital molecules with various biological properties, including anticancer activity, antiviral activity, insecticidal activity, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity. This review covers a survey of structural modifications, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and their derivatives. Additionally, their structure-activity relationships are also concluded.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557521666210125145321 | DOI Listing |
Food Chem
August 2025
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address:
Pomegranate processing generates large quantities of pomace and mesocarp, yet their carbohydrate composition remains largely unexplored. Here, we applied comprehensive mass spectrometry-based profiling to characterize monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides from these side streams. Fructose and glucose dominated the free sugar fraction in both tissues.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnim Sci J
September 2025
Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan.
Elevated blood nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration in prepartum increases the risk of postpartum diseases. This study evaluated whether intraruminal propylene glycol (PG) or sucrose (SC) administration could mitigate elevated blood NEFA induced by intravenous lipid infusion. Four nonlactating, nonpregnant Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design: intravenous saline infusion and ruminal administration of water (S + WT), lipid infusion and administration of water (L + WT), lipid infusion and PG administration (L + PG), and lipid infusion and SC administration (L + SC).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe etiology of liver cancer remains poorly understood, particularly regarding its potential association with dietary patterns rich in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP). This study investigated the genetic relationships between FODMAP-related dietary intake and liver cancer risk and further assessed whether proteins involved in efferocytosis and trogocytosis mediate these associations. This study applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and mediation MR analyses to examine the links among FODMAP-related dietary factors, trogocytosis, efferocytosis, and liver cancer.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Chem Biol
September 2025
National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Center of Technology Innovation for Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
Glycoside phosphorylases (GPases) enable oligosaccharide assembly using sugar-1-phosphate donors, but ATP dependency for kinase-mediated phosphorylation limits practicality. Here, a polyphosphate kinase (PPK)-coupled ATP regeneration system is introduced, requiring only <0.05 equiv of AMP to synthesize diverse oligosaccharides (40-92% yields) from monosaccharides and polyphosphate.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Nutr
August 2025
Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Background: Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) as well as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have independently been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology. However, there is a lack of studies that assess how low FODMAP diet affects circulating GLP-1 levels in IBS patients.
Methods: Thirty patients with either diarrhea or mixed type IBS were recruited and undertook low FODMAP diet for 12 weeks.