Glutathione improves rice tolerance to submergence: insights into its physiological and biochemical mechanisms.

Complete submergence (Sub) imposes detrimental effects on growth and survival of crop plants, including rice. Here, we investigated the beneficial effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) in mitigating Sub-induced adverse effects in two high-yielding rice cultivars BRRI dhan29 and dhan52. Both cultivars experienced growth defects, severe yellowing, necrosis and chlorosis, when they were completely immersed in water for 14 days. The poor growth performance of these cultivars was linked to biomass reduction, decreased levels of photosynthetic pigments and proline, increased levels of HO and malondialdehyde, and declined activities of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. Pretreatment with exogenous GSH led to significant growth restoration in both cultivars exposed to Sub. The elevated Sub-tolerance promoted by GSH could partly be attributed to increased levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, soluble proteins and proline. Exogenous GSH also mitigated Sub-induced oxidative damage, as evidenced from reduced levels of HO and malondialdehyde in accordance with the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes. Results revealed that dhan52 was more tolerant to Sub-stress than dhan29, and GSH successfully rescued both cultivars from the damage of Sub-stress. Collectively, our findings provided an insight into the GSH-mediated active recovery of rice from Sub-stress, thereby suggesting that external supply of GSH may be an effective strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of Sub in rice.