Population Genomic Analysis of Elucidates Geographical Variations and Genes associated with Host-Types.

Among more than twenty species belonging to the class Mollecutes, is the most common cause of bovine mycoplasmosis in North America and Europe. Bovine mycoplasmosis causes significant economic loss in the cattle industry. The number of positive herds recently has increased in North America and Europe. Since antibiotic treatment is ineffective and no efficient vaccine is available, induced mycoplasmosis is primarily controlled by herd management measures such as the restriction of moving infected animals out of the herds and culling of infected or shedders of To better understand the population structure and genomic factors that may contribute to its transmission, we sequenced 147 strains isolated from four different countries viz. USA ( = 121), Canada ( = 22), Israel ( = 3) and Lithuania ( = 1). All except two of the isolates (KRB1 and KRB8) were isolated from two host types i.e., bovine ( = 75) and bison ( = 70). We performed a large-scale comparative analysis of genomes by integrating 103 publicly available genomes and our dataset (250 total genomes). Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogeny using as an outgroup revealed that population structure is composed of five different clades. USA isolates showed a high degree of genomic divergence in comparison to the Australian isolates. Based on host of origin, all the isolates in clade IV was of bovine origin, whereas majority of the isolates in clades III and V was of bison origin. Our comparative genome analysis also revealed that has an open pangenome with a large breadth of unexplored diversity of genes. The function based analysis of autogenous vaccine candidates ( = 10) included in this study revealed that their functional diversity does not span the genomic diversity observed in all five clades identified in this study. Our study also found that genome harbors a large number of IS elements and their number increases significantly ( = 7.8x10) as the genome size increases. Collectively, the genome data and the whole genome-based population analysis in this study may help to develop better understanding of induced mycoplasmosis in cattle.