Rapid Detection of in Sugar Beet and Mutations Associated with Fungicide Resistance Using LAMP or Probe-Based qPCR.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen , is the most destructive disease of sugar beet worldwide. Although growing CLS-tolerant varieties is helpful, disease management currently requires timely application of fungicides. However, overreliance on fungicides has led to the emergence of fungicide resistance in many populations, resulting in multiple epidemics in recent years. Therefore, this study focused on developing a fungicide resistance detection "toolbox" for early detection of in sugar beet leaves and mutations associated with different fungicides in the pathogen population. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed for rapid detection of in infected sugar beet leaves. The LAMP primers specific to (Cb-LAMP) assay was able to detect in inoculated sugar beet leaves as early as 1 day postinoculation. A quinone outside inhibitor (QoI)-LAMP assay was also developed to detect the G143A mutation in cytochrome b associated with QoI resistance in . The assay detected the mutation in both in vitro and in planta with 100% accuracy. We also developed a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for detecting an E198A mutation in β-tubulin associated with benzimidazole resistance and a probe-based qPCR assay for detection of mutations in cytochrome P450-dependent sterol 14α-demethylase (Cyp51) associated with resistance to sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicides. The primers and probes used in the assay were highly efficient and precise in differentiating the corresponding fungicide-resistant mutants from sensitive wild-type isolates.