Legacy of a Butterfly's Parental Microbiome in Offspring Performance.

An insect's phenotype can be influenced by the experiences of the parental generation. However, the effects of the parental symbiotic microbiome and host plant use on the offspring are unclear. We addressed this gap of knowledge by studying , a multivoltine butterfly species feeding on different brassicaceous plants across generations. We investigated how disturbance of the parental bacterial community by antibiotic treatment affects F larval traits. We tested the effects depending on whether F larvae are feeding on the same plant species as their parents or on a different one. The parental treatment alone had no impact on the biomass of F larvae feeding on the parental plant species. However, the parental treatment had a detrimental effect on F larval biomass when F larvae had a different host plant than their parents. This effect was linked to higher larval prophenoloxidase activity and greater downregulation of the major allergen gene (), a glucosinolate detoxification gene of Bacterial abundance in untreated adult parents was high, while it was very low in F larvae from either parental type, and thus unlikely to directly influence larval traits. Our results suggest that transgenerational effects of the parental microbiome on the offspring's phenotype become evident when the offspring is exposed to a transgenerational host plant shift. Resident bacterial communities are almost absent in larvae of butterflies and thus are unlikely to affect their host. In contrast, adult butterflies contain conspicuous amounts of bacteria. While the host plant and immune state of adult parental butterflies are known to affect offspring traits, it has been unclear whether also the parental microbiome imposes direct effects on the offspring. Here, we show that disturbance of the bacterial community in parental butterflies by an antibiotic treatment has a detrimental effect on those offspring larvae feeding on a different host plant than their parents. Hence, the study indicates that disturbance of an insect's parental microbiome by an antibiotic treatment shapes how the offspring individuals can adjust themselves to a novel host plant.