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While 2-in-1 designs give a flexibility to make a clinical trial either an information generation Phase 2 trial or a full scale confirmatory Phase 3 trial, flexible sample size designs can naturally fit into the 2-in-1 design framework. This study is to show that the CHW design can be blended into a 2-in-1 design to improve the adaptive performance of the design. Commenting on the usual 2-in-1 design, we demonstrated that the CHW design can achieve the goal of a 2-in-1 design with satisfactory statistical power and efficient average sample size for a targeted range of the treatment effect.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2019.1634088 | DOI Listing |
J Colloid Interface Sci
August 2025
Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China. Electronic address:
Ruthenium (Ru) has emerged as a highly promising and cost-effective alternative to Ir- and Pt-based electrocatalysts for water electrolysis, making the development of efficient and stable Ru-based bifunctional catalysts a critical research objective. Herein, an AgCl/RuO heterojunction is prepared via a facile electrospinning-calcination strategy. The AgCl undergoes a reduction to form metallic Ag under hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, which can be integrated with RuO active sites to facilitate HO dissociation and enhance the electron transfer while simultaneously suppressing RuO over-oxidation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaterials (Basel)
August 2025
Division of System Semiconductor, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
For future clean and renewable energy technology, designing highly efficient and robust electrocatalysts is of great importance. Particularly, creating efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of effectively catalyzing both hydrogen- and oxygen-evolution reactions (HERs and OERs) is vital for overall water electrolysis. In this study, we employ 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS) nanosheets and pyrolytically fabricated 2D graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) nanosheets to create 2D gCN-decorated 2D MoS (2D-2D gCN-MoS) nanocomposites using a facile sonochemical method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRSC Adv
August 2025
School of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou 450011 PR China.
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is hindered by the sluggish kinetics, high costs, and poor stability of noble metal catalysts (, RuO), as well as low atomic utilization and limited accessibility of active sites in transition metal oxide catalysts. To address these challenges, this study develops a core-shell structured WO@Co-CoPBA heterostructure as an efficient OER electrocatalyst. Co-CoPBA nanocubes are hydrothermally synthesized and then loaded with WO nanorods, followed by gradient annealing under N atmosphere (optimized at 500 °C) to form a CoO@WO heterojunction.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContemp Clin Trials Commun
October 2025
Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.
In recent drug development, Phases 2 and 3 are increasingly combined into a seamless Phase 2/3 design to accelerate the drug development process. One of the seamless designs, known as the 2-in-1 adaptive design, allows a Phase 2 trial to expand seamlessly into a Phase 3 study based on an early adaptation decision using surrogate endpoints like ORR (objective response rate) or PFS (progression-free survival). We enhanced this design by incorporating a group sequential approach in the Phase 3 part and adding an interim analysis in the Phase 2 part based on the primary endpoint.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Colloid Interface Sci
December 2025
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. Electronic address:
The design and fabrication of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts represent the significant research focus because of abundant reserves, low cost and superior performance in hydrogen energy generation. Consequently, the vulcanized Mn-Fe-Ni trimetallic catalyst on nickel foam (NF), recorded as MnFeNiS-2h/NF and characterized by a rough nanostructure and great conductivity, is particularly beneficial to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) when synthesized via the hydrothermal method. It has been demonstrated that the development of derivatives and the integration with conductive substrates can promote the structural optimization and enhance OER performance of layered double hydroxides (LDHs).
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