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AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking has emerged as a fundamental concept for understanding mechanisms of learning and memory as well as many neurological disorders. Classical conditioning is a simple and highly conserved form of associative learning. Our studies use an ex vivo brainstem preparation in which to study cellular mechanisms underlying learning during a neural correlate of eyeblink conditioning. Two stages of AMPAR synaptic delivery underlie conditioning utilizing sequential trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPARs early in conditioning followed by replacement with GluA4 subunits later. Subunit-selective trafficking of AMPARs is poorly understood. Here, we focused on identification of auxiliary chaperone proteins that traffic AMPARs. The results show that auxiliary proteins TARPγ8 and GSG1L are colocalized with AMPARs on abducens motor neurons that generate the conditioning. Significantly, TARPγ8 was observed to chaperone GluA1-containing AMPARs during synaptic delivery early in conditioning while GSG1L chaperones GluA4 subunits later in conditioning. Interestingly, TARPγ8 remains at the membrane surface as GluA1 subunits are withdrawn and associates with GluA4 when they are delivered to synapses. These data indicate that GluA1- and GluA4-containing AMPARs are selectively chaperoned by TARPγ8 and GSG1L, respectively. Therefore, sequential subunit-selective trafficking of AMPARs during conditioning is achieved through the timing of their interactions with specific auxiliary proteins.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.041 | DOI Listing |
Neuropeptides
September 2025
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and the School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Despite extensive research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), few therapeutic strategies have successfully addressed its core pathology at the synaptic level. Small peptides represent a promising class of therapeutic agents capable of modulating key molecular pathways involved in amyloid toxicity, tau hyperphosphorylation, and synaptic degeneration. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers, interact with intracellular targets, and be modified for enhanced stability positions them as viable candidates for next-generation treatments targeting cognitive decline in AD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol
September 2025
College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
Introduction: Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) is a complex clinical condition characterized by inadequate response to conventional antidepressant treatments. There is growing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the underlying pathophysiology of TRD and may offer new avenues for diagnostics and therapy.
Methods: A structured literature review of peer-reviewed publications indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted.
Biology (Basel)
August 2025
Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
Skin aging is commonly characterized by increased wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and hyperpigmentation, significantly affecting personal appearance and quality of life. Although botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has been widely applied in cosmetic anti-wrinkle treatments, its intrinsic cytotoxicity limits broader clinical applications. In this study, we developed a novel exosome-based BTX-A composite delivery system designed to synergize the anti-aging properties of exosomes with the wrinkle-reducing effects of BTX-A while reducing toxicity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Chem Neurosci
September 2025
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. It is a promising therapeutic target for improving neurofunctional outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the delivery of BDNF faces several significant challenges including limited entry into the CNS due to blood-brain barrier (BBB), short half-life, and potential side effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Alzheimers Dis
September 2025
College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles in the brain. Current treatments are predominantly symptomatic and do not alter the underlying pathological processes, which include amyloid aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to address these challenges by facilitating the targeted delivery of therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier, enhancing drug bioavailability, and minimizing systemic toxicity and immunogenicity through biomimetic surface modifications, optimized physicochemical properties, and targeted delivery approaches.
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