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Theoretical bit error rates of the differential phase-shift keying format with various regeneration schemes is presented. A comparison with ideal regeneration reveals that averaging the phase noise of adjacent bits is found to eliminate most penalties that are induced by phase noise.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.33.001090 | DOI Listing |
3 Biotech
September 2025
ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi-387310 Anand, Gujarat India.
Unlabelled: The entire herbage is used as the economic part of the medicinal crop of however, the leaves contain nearly three times more andrographolide content as compared to the stem. Phase shift checks vegetative growth with the apical tips being transformed into panicles. Therefore, a nonflowering type of plant is considered an ideotype as it continues to produce new leaves and yields more andrographolide yield.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Immunol
July 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Biomedicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Introduction: Circadian clocks generate daily physiological rhythms and regulate immune functions, including cytokine production and inflammatory responses. Although time-of-day-dependent variation in microglial immune activity has been reported, how intrinsic microglial clocks respond to neuroinflammatory stimuli and influence microglial function remains unclear.
Methods: We induced neuroinflammation via intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and isolated microglia from control and LPS-treated mouse brains.
Sensors (Basel)
June 2025
Electromagnetics, Wireless Hardware & RF Devices Group, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
This paper presents a novel switchable branch-line coupler (BLC) designed to achieve variable phase shifts while maintaining a constant output power. The proposed design incorporates low stepwise phase shifters with incremental phase shifts of 10° to 20°, covering phase ranges from -3° to 150°. The initial structure is based on a 3 dB branch-line coupler with arm electrical lengths of 3λ/2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Acoust Soc Am
June 2025
College of Information and Communication, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
In the underwater acoustic channel, the conventional M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) systems are sensitive to time-varying Doppler shifts. To address this issue, this paper proposes an iterative multi-channel double-differential MPSK DSSS receiver in which a per-survivor processing (PSP) method is incorporated in a soft-input/soft-output convolutional decoder to jointly estimate the data sequences and the time-varying Doppler shifts for each symbol. This PSP method embeds data-aided Doppler shift estimation within the structure of the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv algorithm, ensuring that the Doppler shift estimation is unaffected by the information bits.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
May 2025
School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
Given more accessible non-invasive measuring devices, experimental response can now be observed as high-dimensional and high-frequency time series. Amidst the complex dependence structure in the data analysis, sample size determination and power analysis remain to be the key thematic focus of statistical inference. The issue is confounded with the complexity of time lag structure and phase shift usually observed in a non-uniform but normal process typically present in medical imaging data.
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