Polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) Induces Neuronal Cell Death Through NLRP3-mediated inflammasome in human microglia and neuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairment in mice.

Neuroinflammation and neuronal death are direct consequences of persistent microglial activation observed in many chronic neurological conditions. Activated microglia impact neuronal cells by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators, leading to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. To investigate whether Polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA molecule, induces neuroinflammation and neuronal death, we exposed microglia (HMC-3 cells) to poly I: C for 24 hrs, and assessed inflammatory cytokines.

Yield and water productivity of rice as influenced by crop establishment and irrigation methods under temperate environment.

This study compares direct-seeded rice (DSR) with transplanted rice under three different irrigation methods: conventional flooding, saturation, and alternate wetting and drying. The findings indicate that DSR outperforms transplanted rice in several key aspects. Specifically, DSR exhibited a greater number of tillers (635-650) and panicles (510-529) m, along with lower spikelet sterility (9.

Farm-scale soil spatial variability at a mountain research centre in Northwestern Himalayas.

The appraisal of spatial variability of soil properties is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationships between soil properties and for establishing effective management practices for soil resource utilization. Despite extensive research on regional soil variability, farm-scale assessments in temperate mountainous agro-ecosystems remain scarce, limiting precision soil management strategies. This study aimed to evaluate spatial variability and generate spatial distribution maps.

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Modulation in Neurological Disorders: Insights from MS and Stroke.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the protective sheath or myelin that covers nerve fibers, impacting the brain's ability to communicate with other areas of the body. This abnormal immune response recruits inflammatory substances, which appear as lesions on the brain and spinal cord. A stroke is characterized by a sudden impairment of neurological function resulting from the loss or restriction of blood flow due to acute damage to a localized area of the central nervous system, including the brain, retina, or spinal cord.

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Vascular Dementia.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a heterogeneous group of brain disorders caused by cerebrovascular pathologies and the second most common cause of dementia, accounting for over 20% of cases and posing an important global health concern. VaD can be caused by cerebral infarction or injury in critical brain regions, including the speech area of the dominant hemisphere or arcuate fasciculus of the dominant hemisphere, leading to notable cognitive impairment. Although the exact causes of dementia remain multifactorial and complex, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species), neuroinflammation (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β), and inflammasomes are considered central mechanisms in its pathology.

Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen levels to achieve sustainable rice productivity and profitability.

The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers.

Estimation of yield and nitrogen use efficiencies in hybrid maize varieties through site specific nitrogen management based on leaf color chart (LCC).

Exorbitant praxis of nitrogen pioneered and opened up the usage of time-specific and need-based nitrogen management. The leaf color chart (LCC), being one of the handy tool, is put to use for the estimation of the indirect leaf N, and also heightens the competence of crop N administration. Integrating leaf color chart assessments into maize cultivation practices can provide a practical and cost-effective approach for tailoring nitrogen applications, leading to improved resource-use efficiency and sustainable maize production.

A Review of the Consequences of Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Aging.

Age-associated alterations in the brain lead to cognitive deterioration and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). This review with a particular focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD), emphasizes the burgeoning significance of the gut microbiota (GMB) in neuroinflammation and its impact on the gut-brain axis (GBA), a communication conduit between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS). Changes in the gut microbiome, including diminished microbial diversity and the prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacteria, are associated with AD pathogenesis.

Inhibition of iron-induced cofilin activation and inflammation in microglia by a novel cofilin inhibitor.

Neuroinflammatory conditions linked to iron dysregulation pose significant challenges in neurodegenerative diseases. Iron-loaded microglia are observed in the brains of patients with various neuroinflammatory conditions, yet how iron overload affects microglial function and contributes to various neuroinflammatory processes is poorly understood. This in vitro study elucidates the relationship between excess iron, cofilin activation, and microglial function, shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues.

Exposure to organophosphate insecticides induces behavioral changes and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in Apis mellifera.

European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is an essential pollinator that contributes significantly to the global ecosystem and agricultural productivity. However, their population has been facing unprecedented threats, primarily due to their exposure to various pesticides, including organophosphates.

Hyperglycemia in a NOD Mice Model of Type-I Diabetes Aggravates Collagenase-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Injury.

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe type of stroke with high mortality. Persistent hyperglycemia following ICH is linked to deteriorated neurological functions and death. However, the exacerbating effect of hyperglycemia on ICH injury at the molecular level is still unclear.

Influence of sowing dates and weed management practices on weed dynamics, productivity and profitability of direct seeded rice.

This study evaluated the impact of differential sowing windows and improved weed management strategies on weed dynamics, productivity, and economic viability of direct drum seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the temperate agro-ecosystem of Kashmir. A two-year field experiment was conducted utilizing a split-plot design with two sowing dates (May 10 and June 3) as main plots and six weed management practices as sub-plots.

Morphomolecular characterization of invasive fruit borer infesting apple.

Apple, a vital fruit crop worldwide and a major crop grown in northern parts of India, acts as a backbone for the survival and livelihood of the farming community. However, it is prone to severe damage from insect pests and diseases. In the past few years, due to erratic weather patterns, there has been an alarmingly increased infestation of different insect pests, both invasive and non-invasive, resulting in substantial economic losses to this industry.

Hyperchloremia and Hypernatremia Decreased Microglial and Neuronal Survival during Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion.

Hyperchloremia and hypernatremia are associated with higher mortality in ischemic stroke, but it remains unclear whether their influence directly contributes to ischemic injury. We investigated the impact of 0.9% sodium chloride (154 mM NaCl), 0.

Cofilin Inhibitor Improves Neurological and Cognitive Functions after Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Related-Neuroinflammation.

Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a crucial factor that determines the extent of the injury. Cofilin is a cytoskeleton-associated protein that drives neuroinflammation and microglia activation. A novel cofilin inhibitor (CI) synthesized and developed in our lab has turned out to be a potential therapeutic agent for targeting cofilin-mediated neuroinflammation in an in vitro model of ICH and traumatic brain injury.

The Multifaceted Role of Cofilin in Neurodegeneration and Stroke: Insights into Pathogenesis and Targeting as a Therapy.

This comprehensive review explores the complex role of cofilin, an actin-binding protein, across various neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's) and stroke. Cofilin is an essential protein in cytoskeletal dynamics, and any dysregulation could lead to potentially serious complications. Cofilin's involvement is underscored by its impact on pathological hallmarks like Aβ plaques and α-synuclein aggregates, triggering synaptic dysfunction, dendritic spine loss, and impaired neuronal plasticity, leading to cognitive decline.

Neurobehavioral and inflammatory responses following traumatic brain injury in male and female mice.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and is associated with a high rate of functional comorbidities, including motor, cognitive, anxiety, depression, and emotional disorders. TBI pathophysiology and recovery are complicated and involve several mechanistic pathways that control neurobehavioral outcomes. In this study, male and female C57Bl/6 J mice were subjected to a controlled cortical impact model of TBI or sham injury and evaluated for different neurobehavioral and inflammatory outcomes over a month.

Neuroprotective Potential of Flavonoids in Brain Disorders.

Flavonoids are a large subgroup of polyphenols known to be sourced from over 6000 natural products, including fruits, vegetables, bark, and herbs. Due to their antioxidant properties, flavonoids have been implicated as a therapy source for many diseases and conditions, including inflammation, vasculitis, venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoids. Currently, some flavonoids are being researched for their antioxidant ability concerning neuroprotection.

Morphological, pathogenic and genetic diversity in Diplodia seriata associated with black rot canker of apple in India.

Apple cankers are extremely destructive diseases threatening the global apple industry through direct and indirect losses. The population structure of the pathogens is of paramount significance for the development of efficient management strategies. Therefore, phenotypic, pathogenic, and genetic diversity of Diplodia seriata causing black rot canker of apple was investigated in this study.

Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries.

Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects.

Neuroprotection or Sex Bias: A Protective Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Females.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major healthcare problem and a common cause of mortality and morbidity. Clinical and preclinical research suggests sex-related differences in short- and longterm outcomes following TBI; however, males have been the main focus of TBI research. Females show a protective response against TBI.

Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years.

Apple cultivation is one of the most significant means of subsistence in the Kashmir region of the northwestern Himalayas. It is considered as the backbone of the region's economy. Apple cultivation in the region is dominated by a late maturing cultivar "Red Delicious" which usually on maturity causes glut in the market.

The ER chaperone, BIP protects Microglia from ER stress-mediated Apoptosis in Hyperglycemia.

A major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, binding of Immunoglobulin heavy chain protein (BIP) facilitates the assembly of newly synthesized proteins in the ER. Microglia vigorously respond to brain injuries and eliminate the damaged neuronal and apoptotic cells through phagocytosis in the central nervous system. However, the mechanism of BIP-mediated microglial function is not clear in hyperglycemia.

Association between insulin and Nrf2 signalling pathway in Alzheimer's disease: A molecular landscape.

Insulin, a well-known hormone, has been implicated as a regulator of blood glucose levels for almost a century now. Over the past few decades, the non-glycemic actions of insulin i.e.