Synthesis of biochar/MoS composite modified with poly(acrylic acid) (BC/MoS/PAA) for the removal of Cd(ii) and Pb(ii) from wastewater.

The present study focuses on the synthesis of coconut shell-derived biochar (BC), molybdenum disulfide (MoS), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (BC/MoS/PAA) composite. The composite was synthesized a simple hydrothermal method. The structural and morphological features of the resulting composite were thoroughly characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis, and Raman spectroscopy.

Emerging Electrochemical Approaches for the Early Detection of Programmed Cell Death.

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) safeguards tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders. Detecting the earliest biochemical signatures of apoptosis therefore offers a route to sharper diagnosis, real-time therapy monitoring, and data-driven drug discovery. Electrochemical biosensors are uniquely suited to this task because they translate molecular recognition events into electrical signals that are rapid, miniaturizable, and inherently compatible with point-of-care formats.

Nutshell Combustion Soot as a Sustainable Carbon Material: From Morphology to Electrochemical and Adsorptive Performance.

Converting waste materials to value-added products is a key strategy for sustainable resource management. In this study, soot generated from the combustion of various biomass sourcesincluding apricot (AP) shells, pistachio (PS) shells, hazelnut (HZ) shells, a combination of apricot and pistachio shells, and a mixture of hazelnut, apricot, and pistachio shellswas collected and systematically characterized using SEM-EDS, BET, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR analysis. The result obtained shows that the HZ + AP + PS soot has the largest surface area (76.

Electro-fluorescence gel-based sensing miniaturized approach for screening and determination of norfloxacin at trace level in milk and egg samples: A green strategy for food analysis.

In this study, a hybrid method using fluorescence image detection and IG-EME (In-Gel Electromembrane Extraction) is developed to extract and detect norfloxacin, a quinolone antibiotic with intrinsic fluorescence properties. The developed novel hybrid technique, Fluorescence-In-Gel Electromembrane Extraction (FL-IG-EME), was evaluated by extracting and detecting norfloxacin in milk and egg samples, demonstrating its potential for sensitive and selective analysis. Under optimized experimental conditions, the method achieved a LOQ of 3.

Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Gel Electromembrane Extraction Approaches: A Critical Evaluation of the Greenness.

This review evaluates gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional extraction methods. By replacing hazardous organic solvents with biodegradable gels, such as agarose, agar, polyacrylamide, and chitosan, G-EME adheres to the core principles of green analytical chemistry, significantly reducing waste production. The review systematically compares various G-EME approaches-including conventional, miniaturized, additive-enhanced, and sensing modalities-using a suite of greenness assessment tools (NEMI, ESA, complexGAPI, AGREE, AGREEprep, and Hexagon-CALIFICAMET) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of their environmental impact.

Graphene oxide doped polyacrylonitrile-co-maleic acid nanofibers for high-performance liquid chromatography determination of amoxicillin and Oxytetracycline in milk.

Detecting and quantifying trace amounts of antibiotics like amoxicillin and oxytetracycline in milk and environmental water samples is crucial for public health and environmental monitoring. This research focuses on developing a novel sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of amoxicillin and oxytetracycline from milk and environmental water samples, using electrospun graphene oxide-doped poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) nanocomposite fibers, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The fibers were successfully fabricated and characterized using a suite of techniques: SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, BET, XPS, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy.

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic profile of Escherichia coli in retail chicken parts in Zagazig City, Egypt.

In recent times, chicken-based food items have seen a surge in demand due to their high-quality protein and essential nutrients. However, poultry products remain vulnerable to contamination by Escherichia coli (E. coli), including pathogenic strains that pose significant food safety challenges.

Synthesis of poly (acrylic acid) modified graphene/MoS heterostructure-based composite: an effective removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) from wastewater.

Heavy metal contaminants have attracted widespread attention due to their severe toxicity and bioaccumulation. In this study, a novel graphene (EG)/molybdenum disulfide (MoS) modified with poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) composites (EG/MoS/PAA) were successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method and effectively removed Pb(II) Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from wastewater. The incorporation of PAA within the EG/MoS significantly improved sorption ability.

A Prototype of Ultrasensitive Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay with Enhanced Fluorescence System for the Trace Determination of Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2`-Deoxyguanosine, the DNA Oxidative Stress Biomarker.

This study presents a new highly sensitive and specific time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the measurement of trace amounts of the urinary 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) which is a biomarker for oxidative stress on DNA. The assay relied on a competitive binding approach and a mouse monoclonal antibody which recognized 8-OHdG with high specificity. In this assay, 8-OHdG conjugated with bovine serum albumin protein (8-OHdG-BSA) was employed as a solid phase antigen.

Selective lead ion sensing via cotton pad-based NaEDTA capped AuNPs: A smartphone-assisted colorimetric method.

Herein, NaEDTA-capped AuNPs specifically designed for selective smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection are synthesized and characterized. NaEDTA-capped AuNPs was synthesized and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, ATR, Raman, XRD, SEM and EDX. The calculated activation energy of the produced nanoparticles was 0.

Graphene-based gel electromembrane extraction coupled with modified screen-printed carbon electrode for detecting streptomycin in honey samples: Greener strategy for food analysis.

This paper presents a greener methodology for the first time to determine streptomycin in honey based on the modification of gel in the gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) technique using exfoliated graphene (EG). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a modified screen-printed carbon electrode was used as a detection technique. The EG was prepared by applying an electrochemical exfoliation of pencil graphite as an environmentally friendly and simple method.

Advancements in effervescent-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for the analysis of emerging pollutants.

Emerging pollutants pose an increasing threat to the environment and human well-being, requiring substantial progress in analytical methodologies. Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (μ-dSPE) has proven successful in detecting and measuring these contaminants, particularly in trace quantities. However, challenges persist in achieving a uniform sorbent distribution and efficient separation from the sample matrix.

Novel ultrasensitive automated kinetic exclusion assay for measurement of plasma levels of soluble PD-L1, the predictive and prognostic biomarker in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Recently, the blood plasma or serum levels of soluble programmed death protein 1 (PD-L1), but not tissue PD-L1 expression level, have been proposed as an effective predictive and prognostic biomarker in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for different types of cancers. The quantification of soluble PD-L1 in blood will provide a quick evaluation of patients' immune status; however, the available assays have limitations in their sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy for use in clinical settings. To overcome these problems, this study was dedicated to developing an ultrasensitive automated flow-based kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA) for the accurate and precise measurement of soluble PD-L1 in plasma.

Innovative Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Improvement of Electrochemical Sensors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications.

Graphene, renowned for its exceptional physicochemical attributes, has emerged as a favored substrate for integrating a wide array of inorganic and organic materials in scientific endeavors and innovations. Electrochemical graphene-based nanocomposite sensors have been developed by incorporating diverse nanoparticles into graphene, effectively immobilized onto electrodes through various techniques. These graphene-based nanocomposite sensors have effectively detected and quantified various electroactive species in samples.

Designing an electrochemical sensor based on ZnO nanoparticle-supported molecularly imprinted polymer for ultra-sensitive and selective detection of sorafenib.

Background: Sorafenib (SOR) is a multikinase inhibitor anticancer drug that is used in treating non-small cell lung cancer. In this work, we focused on developing nanomaterial-supported smart porous interfaces by following the molecular imprinting approach for the selective determination of SOR. Determination-based studies in the literature for SOR are limited, and they are chromatographic techniques-based; hence, there is a need in the literature to elaborate the selective and sensitive analysis/monitoring of SOR in both biological and pharmaceutical samples with more studies.

Application of oxygen scavengers in gel electromembrane extraction: A green methodology for simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in sausage samples.

The generation of oxygen from electrolysis in gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) causes a negative error when applied to the analysis of easily oxidized species such as nitrite. Nitrite in G-EME is oxidized by oxygen to nitrate, leading to the negative error and the impossibility of simultaneous analysis. In this work, the application of oxygen scavengers to the acceptor phase of the G-EME system was attempted to minimize the oxidation effect.

Application of electrocolorimetric extraction for the determination of Ni(II) ions in chocolate samples: A green methodology for food analysis.

This study developed an electrocolorimetric extraction technique as a simple, rapid, and green method for the simultaneous preconcentration and determination of Ni(II) in chocolate samples. The system was designed using an agarose gel (3% w/v) solution containing 10% v/v 80 mM dimethylglyoxime (DMG) and 10% v/v 0.03 M ammonia as colorimetric reagents to determine Ni(II) ions.

Evaluation of complexing agents in the gel electro-membrane extraction: An efficient approach for the quantification of zinc (II) ions in water samples.

In this work, gel electro-membrane extraction (G-EME) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for the determination of zinc ions (Zn) in water samples. For the first time, the effect of the presence of three types of complexing agents such as phenanthroline (Phen), crown ethers (12C4, 15C5, 18C6), and ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) on the extraction efficiency of zinc ions was studied. In addition, the electroendosmosis (EEO) flow as an unwanted actuator was monitored in the presence and absence of complexing agents.

Electrocolorimetric gel-based sensing approach for simultaneous extraction, preconcentration, and detection of iodide and chromium (VI) ions.

A total integrated electrocolorimetric sensing approach consisting of gel-based electromembrane extraction and colorimetric detection in a one-step process was developed. This system was designed using colorimetric reagents preadded to the agarose gel for the determination of the following two model analytes: iodide and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. In this system, when a voltage was applied, the analytes were extracted and transferred from the sample solution (donor phase) to the gel (acceptor phase).

Online and offline preconcentration techniques on paper-based analytical devices for ultrasensitive chemical and biochemical analysis: A review.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have attracted much attention over the past decade. They embody many advantages, such as abundance, portability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of fabrication, making them superior for clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety assurance. Despite these advantages, μPADs lack the high sensitivity to detect many analytes at trace levels than other commercial analytical instruments such as mass spectrometry.

Recent Developments and Applications of Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for the Detection of Biological and Chemical Hazards in Foods: A Critical Review.

Nowadays, food safety has become a major concern for the sustainability of global public health. Through the production and distribution steps, food can be contaminated by either chemical hazards or pathogens, and the determination of these plays a critical role in the processes of ensuring food safety. Therefore, the development of analytical tools that can provide rapid screening of these hazards is highly necessary.

Gel electromembrane microextraction followed by ion chromatography for direct determination of iodine in supplements and fortified food samples: Green chemistry for food analysis.

In this study, a sensitive, selective, and environmentally friendly analytical method for direct extraction and preconcentration of iodine was developed. Iodine, as an iodate ion or iodide ion, was simultaneously extracted and preconcentrated by gel electromembrane microextraction (G-EME) and analyzed for total iodine by ion chromatography. The total iodine was determined by combining the peak areas of both iodate and iodide ions.

Simultaneous determination of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid in fermented food by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by GC-FID.

A simple and environmentally friendly method was developed for simultaneous determination of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid in fermented food samples. The analytes were extracted and pre-concentrated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysed by GC-FID. Central composite design (CCD) was conducted for the optimization of HS-SPME conditions.

Combining graphite with hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction for improving the extraction efficiency of relatively polar organic compounds.

In this study, we have developed a simple and effective hybrid extraction method based on the incorporation of raw carbon nanosorbents and octanol in the pores of a hollow-fiber membrane for improving the extraction efficiency of relatively polar organic compounds. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were used as model analytes. Three types of carbon nanosorbents (graphite, graphene, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) were studied.

Development of a Sample Treatment Method for a Flow Injection Determination of Iodine in Eggs: A Comparison Study.

A simple treatment method was proposed for the determination of iodine in eggs, followed by a flow-injection spectrophotometry based on the catalytic effect of iodine in the reduction reaction of Ce(IV) with As(III). The egg matrix was removed based on protein precipitation principles. Several protein precipitation methods were investigated.