The January 2022 Hunga eruption cooled the southern hemisphere in 2022 and 2023.

The 2022 Hunga volcanic eruption injected a significant quantity of water vapor into the stratosphere while releasing only limited sulfur dioxide. It has been proposed that this excess water vapor could have contributed to global warming, potentially pushing temperatures beyond the 1.5 °C threshold of the Paris Climate Accord.

Airfall volume of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga volcano estimated from ocean color changes.

Unlabelled: On 15 January 2022, Hunga volcano erupted, creating an extensive and high-reaching umbrella cloud over the open ocean, hindering traditional isopach mapping and fallout volume estimation. In MODIS satellite imagery, ocean surface water was discolored around Hunga following the eruption, which we attribute to ash fallout from the umbrella cloud. By relating intensity of ocean discoloration to fall deposit thicknesses in the Kingdom of Tonga, we develop a methodology for estimating airfall volume over the open ocean.

The effects of bathymetry on the long-term carbon cycle and CCD.

The shape of the ocean floor (bathymetry) and the overlaying sediments provide the largest carbon sink throughout Earth's history, supporting ~one to two orders of magnitude more carbon storage than the oceans and atmosphere combined. While accumulation and erosion of these sediments are bathymetry dependent (e.g.

Microscopic defect dynamics during a brittle-to-ductile transition.

Deformation of all materials necessitates the collective propagation of various microscopic defects. On Earth, fracturing gives way to crystal-plastic deformation with increasing depth resulting in a "brittle-to-ductile" transition (BDT) region that is key for estimating the integrated strength of tectonic plates, constraining the earthquake cycle, and utilizing deep geothermal resources. Here, we show that the crossing of a BDT in marble during deformation experiments in the laboratory is accompanied by systematic increase in the frequency of acoustic emissions suggesting a profound change in the mean size and propagation velocity of the active defects.

Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis.

Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis (CLV) is a type of small vessel vasculitis, predominantly presenting with palpable purpuras and sometimes with systemic manifestations. The following report describes the case of a woman, who presented with fever, anorexia and maculopapular lesions over both lower limbs. Skin biopsy revealed CLV.

How does salinity shape ocean circulation and ice geometry on Enceladus and other icy satellites?

Of profound astrobiological interest, Enceladus appears to have a global saline subsurface ocean, indicating water-rock reaction at present or in the past, an important mechanism in the moon's potential habitability. Here, we investigate how salinity and the partition of heat production between the silicate core and the ice shell affect ocean dynamics and the associated heat transport-a key factor determining equilibrium ice shell geometry. Assuming steady-state conditions, we show that the meridional overturning circulation of the ocean, driven by heat and salt exchange with the poleward-thinning ice shell, has opposing signs at very low and very high salinities.

Calcium isotope evidence for early Archaean carbonates and subduction of oceanic crust.

Continents are unique to Earth and played a role in coevolution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Debate exists, however, regarding continent formation and the onset of subduction-driven plate tectonics. We present Ca isotope and trace-element data from modern and ancient (4.

Ca isotopes record rapid crystal growth in volcanic and subvolcanic systems.

Kinetic calcium isotope effects can be used as growth-rate proxies for volcanic and subvolcanic minerals. Here, we analyze Ca isotopic compositions in experimental and natural samples and confirm that large kinetic effects (>2‰) can occur during magmatic plagioclase crystallization. Experiments confirm theoretical predictions that disequilibrium isotope effects depend mainly on the rates for crystal growth relative to liquid phase Ca diffusivity (/).

The eruptive tempo of Deccan volcanism in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.

Late Cretaceous records of environmental change suggest that Deccan Traps (DT) volcanism contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) ecosystem crisis. However, testing this hypothesis requires identification of the KPB in the DT. We constrain the location of the KPB with high-precision argon-40/argon-39 data to be coincident with changes in the magmatic plumbing system.

Executive Functions are not Affected by 24 Hours of Sleep Deprivation: A Color-Word Stroop Task Study.

Background: Sleep is an important factor affecting cognitive performance. Sleep deprivation results in fatigue, lack of concentration, confusion and sleepiness along with anxiety, depression and irritability. Sleep deprivation can have serious consequences in professions like armed forces and medicine where quick decisions and actions need to be taken.

Sex determination from buccal mucosa scrapes.

Establishing individuality is an imperative aspect in any investigation procedure. At times, it becomes necessary to determine the sex of the individual to establish identity, and saliva stains found at the scene of crime are of major help in such cases. In the present study, we have determined the sex of the individual from buccal mucosal scrapings.