A rotavirus VP4 or VP7 monoreassortant panel identifies genotypes that are less susceptible to neutralization by systemic antibodies induced by vaccination or natural infection.

Rotavirus infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. The viral surface proteins VP4 and VP7 are each classified into multiple genotypes (P[1]-P[58] for VP4 and G1-G42 for VP7), which differ in their susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies; however, detailed analyses of these differences remain limited. This study investigates the susceptibility of diverse VP4 and VP7 genotypes to neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination or natural infection.

Establishment of reverse genetics systems for Colorado tick fever virus.

The Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), which has 12-segmented double-stranded RNA genomes, is a pathogenic arbovirus that causes severe diseases in humans. However, little progress has been made in the analysis of replication mechanisms and pathogenicity. This virological constraint is due to the absence of a reverse genetics system for CTFV; therefore, we aimed to establish the system.

Rapid production of recombinant rotaviruses by overexpression of NSP2 and NSP5 genes with modified nucleotide sequences.

Reverse genetics systems for rotaviruses (RV) facilitate the generation of genetically engineered RVs by transfection of 11 plasmids encoding 11 genomic viral RNA segments. In addition to viral genome expression, overexpression of NSP2 and NSP5 has been used to increase the rescue efficiency of recombinant RVs. Here, we showed that the overexpression of nucleotide sequence-modified NSP2 and NSP5 enabled the rapid and efficient production of recombinant RVs.

Genotypic Analysis of Transmitted and Acquired HIV Drug Resistance in People Living with HIV/AIDS in Surabaya, Indonesia, from 2018 to 2019.

Background: Despite the availability of various effective antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has come with HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), which compromises its effectiveness in reducing HIV-related morbidity, mortality, and transmission. The emergence of transmitted (TDR) and acquired HIVDR (ADR) among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve and experienced individuals have been reported in several Indonesian regions. Therefore, continuous HIVDR surveillance is needed in Indonesia, especially in Surabaya, which is identified as having the highest prevalence of HIV infection in East Java; thus, this study aimed to identify the emergence of TDR and ADR among people living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA).

Generation of single-round infectious rotavirus with a mutation in the intermediate capsid protein VP6.

Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in infants. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, vaccine-derived infections have been reported, which warrants development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines. A single-round infectious virus is a promising vaccine platform; however, this platform has not been studied extensively in the context of rotavirus.

Spatial-temporal transmission dynamics of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Indonesia.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a serious health threat in Indonesia. In particular, the CRF01_AE viruses were the predominant HIV-1 strains in various cities in Indonesia. However, information on the dynamic transmission characteristics and spatial-temporal transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Indonesia is limited.

Genetic engineering strategy for generating a stable dsRNA virus vector using a virus-like codon-modified transgene.

The stabilities of transgenes in RNA virus vectors differ between the genes of interest, but the molecular mechanisms determining genetic stability remain unknown. This study demonstrated that the stability of a transgene was affected by the nucleotide composition, and altering the codon usage of transgenes to resemble that of the viral genome significantly increased transgene stability in double-stranded RNA virus vectors. The virus-like codon modification strategy enabled generation of stable rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus vectors, which could be developed as machinery for gene delivery to the intestines and/or respiratory organs.

Subtype Distribution and Drug Resistance Patterns Among HIV-1 Strains Prevalent in Makassar, Indonesia.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by a large degree of genetic variability because of high rates of recombination and mutation, sizable population sizes, and rapid replication. Therefore, this study investigated HIV-1 subtype distribution and the appearance of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in viruses that are prevalent in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The HIV-1 , , and genes were amplified from 63 infected individuals and sequenced for a subtyping analysis.

Characterization of Sialic Acid-Independent Simian Rotavirus Mutants in Viral Infection and Pathogenesis.

Rotaviruses (RVs) are nonenveloped viruses that cause gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Sialic acid is an initial receptor, especially for animal RVs, including rhesus RV. Sialic acid binds to the VP8* subunit, a part of the outer capsid protein VP4 of RV.

N-Glycosylation of Rotavirus NSP4 Protein Affects Viral Replication and Pathogenesis.

Rotavirus (RV), the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, carries a high economic and health burden worldwide. RV encodes six structural proteins and six nonstructural proteins (NSPs) that play different roles in viral replication. NSP4, a multifunctional protein involved in various viral replication processes, has two conserved N-glycosylation sites; however, the role of glycans remains elusive.

Construction and evaluation of a self-replicative RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using yellow fever virus replicon.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global threat. To forestall the pandemic, developing safe and effective vaccines is necessary. Because of the rapid production and little effect on the host genome, mRNA vaccines are attractive, but they have a relatively low immune response after a single dose.

Japanese Encephalitis DNA Vaccines with Epitope Modification Reduce the Induction of Cross-Reactive Antibodies against Dengue Virus and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection.

Infection with viruses belonging to the genus , such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV), is a worldwide health problem. Vaccines against JEV and DENV are currently available. However, the dengue vaccine possibly increases the risk of severe dengue due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).

Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus by dry fogging hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is transmitted mainly by droplet or aerosol infection; however, it may also be transmitted by contact infection. SARS-CoV-2 that adheres to environmental surfaces remains infectious for several days. We herein attempted to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus adhering to an environmental surface by dry fogging hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution.

An affinity-matured human monoclonal antibody targeting fusion loop epitope of dengue virus with in vivo therapeutic potency.

Dengue virus (DENV), from the genus flavivirus of the family flaviviridae, causes serious health problems globally. Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAb) can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV infections, leading to the development of a vaccine or therapeutic antibodies. Here, we generated eight HuMAb clones from an Indonesian patient infected with DENV.

A PCR amplicon-based SARS-CoV-2 replicon for antiviral evaluation.

The development of specific antiviral compounds to SARS-CoV-2 is an urgent task. One of the obstacles for the antiviral development is the requirement of biocontainment because infectious SARS-CoV-2 must be handled in a biosafety level-3 laboratory. Replicon, a non-infectious self-replicative viral RNA, could be a safe and effective tool for antiviral evaluation.

A potent neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody specific to dengue virus type 1 Mochizuki strain recognized a novel epitope around the N-67 glycan on the envelope protein: A possible explanation of dengue virus evolution regarding the acquisition of N-67 glycan.

The analysis of neutralizing epitope of dengue virus (DENV) is important for the development of an effective dengue vaccine. A potent neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody named 7F4 was previously reported and, here, we further analyzed the detailed epitope of this antibody. 7F4 recognized a novel conformational epitope close to the N-67 glycan on the envelope protein.

The Dominance of CRF01_AE and the Emergence of Drug Resistance Mutations Among Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced, HIV-1-infected Individuals in Medan, Indonesia.

Background: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a serious public health threat worldwide. Medan is one example of big cities in Indonesia with a high prevalence of HIV-1 infection; however, quite a limited study had conducted for detecting the circulation of HIV-1 subtypes in Medan. In addition, a serious factor that can implicate the treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals is the emergence of drug resistance mutations.

Identification of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1-infected individuals residing in Pontianak, Indonesia.

Introduction: The present study investigated the HIV-1 subtype classification in addition to prevalence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and ART-naïve residents of Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Methods: Whole blood samples collected from 30 HIV-1-infected individuals, comprising 19 ART-experienced and 11 ART-naïve individuals, were subjected to RNA and DNA extraction, followed by HIV-1 genes amplification and sequencing analysis. HIV-1 subtyping was classified on viral genes encoding reverse transcriptase (RT gene) and protease (PR gene) accompanied by the and genes.