NaCl-induced effects on photosynthesis, ion relations, and growth of Chloris gayana Kunth in the presence of two levels of KCl.

Soil salinization is a widespread environmental problem that impacts agriculture. Potassium fertilization is often associated with stress mitigation. Aiming to identify the ability of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) to cope with high salt as well as to investigate the potential of K fertilization to alleviate stress symptoms, we investigated the combined effects of NaCl and KCl on photosynthesis, ion distribution, and growth of two Rhodes grass cultivars, Callide and Reclaimer.

Genetic diversity and candidate genes for transient waterlogging tolerance in mungbean at the germination and seedling stages.

Mungbean [ var. (L.) Wilczek] production in Asia is detrimentally affected by transient soil waterlogging caused by unseasonal and increasingly frequent extreme precipitation events.

Overcoming constraints to measuring O2 diffusivity and consumption of intact roots.

A method using O microsensors enables detailed quantification of respiratory O consumption and diffusive resistance to O of individual root cell layers.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals molecular regulation of salt tolerance in two contrasting chickpea genotypes.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that causes substantial agricultural losses worldwide. Chickpea ( L.) is an important legume crop but is salt-sensitive.

Plant responses to heterogeneous salinity: agronomic relevance and research priorities.

Background: Soil salinity, in both natural and managed environments, is highly heterogeneous, and understanding how plants respond to this spatiotemporal heterogeneity is increasingly important for sustainable agriculture in the era of global climate change. While the vast majority of research on crop response to salinity utilizes homogeneous saline conditions, a much smaller, but important, effort has been made in the past decade to understand plant molecular and physiological responses to heterogeneous salinity mainly by using split-root studies. These studies have begun to unravel how plants compensate for water/nutrient deprivation and limit salt stress by optimizing root-foraging in the most favourable parts of the soil.

Salt tolerance in relation to elemental concentrations in leaf cell vacuoles and chloroplasts of a C monocotyledonous halophyte.

Halophytes accumulate and sequester high concentrations of salt in vacuoles while maintaining lower levels of salt in the cytoplasm. The current data on cellular and subcellular partitioning of salt in halophytes are, however, limited to only a few dicotyledonous C species. Using cryo-scanning electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis, we assessed the concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P and S in various cell types within the leaf-blades of a monocotyledonous C halophyte, Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana).

The genetics of vigour-related traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): insights from genomic data.

QTL controlling vigour and related traits were identified in a chickpea RIL population and validated in diverse sets of germplasm. Robust KASP markers were developed for marker-assisted selection. To understand the genetic constitution of vigour in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.

Response of Mungbean (cvs. Celera II-AU and Jade-AU) and Blackgram (cv. Onyx-AU) to Transient Waterlogging.

Mungbean [ (L.) Wilczek] and blackgram [ (L.) Hepper] are important crops for smallholder farmers in tropical and subtropical regions.

Tolerance of four grain legume species to waterlogging, hypoxia and anoxia at germination and recovery.

Legume seeds, when relay sown following rice, may suffer from soil waterlogging and the associated hypoxia or even anoxia. This study evaluated the tolerance of grain legume species, grass pea (three genotypes), lentil (two genotypes), faba bean (two genotypes) and field pea (one genotype), to soil waterlogging in a glasshouse, to anoxia and hypoxia in temperature-controlled room at germination and seedling stages. Changes in oxygen in the surface layers of soil, with time after waterlogging, were measured by microelectrode profiling.

Novel Salinity Tolerance Loci in Chickpea Identified in Glasshouse and Field Environments.

A better understanding of the genetics of salinity tolerance in chickpea would enable breeding of salt tolerant varieties, offering potential to expand chickpea production to marginal, salinity-affected areas. A Recombinant Inbred Line population was developed using accelerated-Single Seed Descent of progeny from a cross between two chickpea varieties, Rupali (salt-sensitive) and Genesis836 (salt-tolerant). The population was screened for salinity tolerance using high-throughput image-based phenotyping in the glasshouse, in hydroponics, and across 2 years of field trials at Merredin, Western Australia.

Na and/or Cl Toxicities Determine Salt Sensitivity in Soybean ( (L.) ), Mungbean ( (L.) R. Wilczek), Cowpea ( (L.) ), and Common Bean ( L.).

Grain legumes are important crops, but they are salt sensitive. This research dissected the responses of four (sub)tropical grain legumes to ionic components (Na and/or Cl) of salt stress. Soybean, mungbean, cowpea, and common bean were subjected to NaCl, Na salts (without Cl), Cl salts (without Na), and a "high cation" negative control for 57 days.

The barrier to radial oxygen loss impedes the apoplastic entry of iron into the roots of Urochloa humidicola.

Lack of O2 and high concentrations of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) commonly occur in waterlogged soils. The development of a barrier to impede radial O2 loss (ROL) is a key trait improving internal O2 transport and waterlogging tolerance in plants. We evaluated the ability of the barrier to ROL to impede the entry of excess Fe into the roots of the waterlogging-tolerant grass Urochloa humidicola.

Root length is proxy for high-throughput screening of waterlogging tolerance in Urochloa spp. grasses.

C4 perennial Urochloa spp. grasses are widely planted in extensive areas in the tropics. These areas are continuously facing waterlogging events, which limits plant growth and production.

Global patterns of the leaf economics spectrum in wetlands.

The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes consistent correlations among a variety of leaf traits that reflect a gradient from conservative to acquisitive plant strategies. So far, whether the LES holds in wetland plants at a global scale has been unclear. Using data on 365 wetland species from 151 studies, we find that wetland plants in general show a shift within trait space along the same common slope as observed in non-wetland plants, with lower leaf mass per area, higher leaf nitrogen and phosphorus, faster photosynthetic rates, and shorter leaf life span compared to non-wetland plants.

Improving crop salt tolerance using transgenic approaches: An update and physiological analysis.

Salinization of land is likely to increase due to climate change with impact on agricultural production. Since most species used as crops are sensitive to salinity, improvement of salt tolerance is needed to maintain global food production. This review summarises successes and failures of transgenic approaches in improving salt tolerance in crop species.

Submergence tolerance and recovery in Lotus: Variation among fifteen accessions in response to partial and complete submergence.

Several Lotus species are perennial forage legumes which tolerate waterlogging, but knowledge of responses to partial or complete shoot submergence is scant. We evaluated the responses of 15 Lotus accessions to partial and complete shoot submergence and variations in traits associated with tolerance and recovery after de-submergence. Accessions of Lotus tenuis, L.

Corrigendum: Waterlogging of Winter Crops at Early and Late Stages: Impacts on Leaf Physiology, Growth and Yield.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.

Regulation of root adaptive anatomical and morphological traits during low soil oxygen.

Flooding causes oxygen deprivation in soils. Plants adapt to low soil oxygen availability by changes in root morphology, anatomy, and architecture to maintain root system functioning. Essential traits include aerenchyma formation, a barrier to radial oxygen loss, and outgrowth of adventitious roots into the soil or the floodwater.

Root O consumption, CO production and tissue concentration profiles in chickpea, as influenced by environmental hypoxia.

Roots in flooded soils experience hypoxia, with the least O in the vascular cylinder. Gradients in CO across roots had not previously been measured. The respiratory quotient (RQ; CO produced : O consumed) is expected to increase as O availability declines.

Tolerance of roots to low oxygen: 'Anoxic' cores, the phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle, and energy or oxygen sensing.

Acclimation by plants to hypoxia and anoxia is of importance in various ecological systems, and especially for roots in waterlogged soil. We present evidence for acclimation by roots via 'anoxic' cores rather than being triggered by O sensors. The evidence for 'anoxic' cores comes from radial O profiles across maize roots and associated metabolic changes such as increases in the 'anaerobic enzymes' ADH and PDC in the 'anoxic' core, and inhibition of Cl transport to the xylem.

Root-zone hypoxia reduces growth of the tropical forage grass Urochloa humidicola in high-nutrient but not low-nutrient conditions.

Background And Aims: The perennial C4 grass Urochloa humidicola is widely planted on infertile acidic and waterlogging-prone soils of tropical America. Waterlogging results in soil anoxia, and O2 deficiency can reduce nutrient uptake by roots. Interestingly, both nutrient deficiencies and soil waterlogging can enhance root cortical cell senescence, and the increased gas-filled porosity facilitates internal aeration of roots.

Salinity tolerance in chickpea is associated with the ability to 'exclude' Na from leaf mesophyll cells.

Salinity tolerance is associated with Na 'exclusion' from, or 'tissue tolerance' in, leaves. We investigated whether two contrasting chickpea genotypes, salt-tolerant Genesis836 and salt-sensitive Rupali, differ in leaf tissue tolerance to NaCl. We used X-ray microanalysis to evaluate cellular Na, Cl, and K concentrations in various cell types within leaflets and also in secretory trichomes of the two chickpea genotypes in relation to photosynthesis in control and saline conditions.

Resequencing of 429 chickpea accessions from 45 countries provides insights into genome diversity, domestication and agronomic traits.

We report a map of 4.97 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the chickpea from whole-genome resequencing of 429 lines sampled from 45 countries. We identified 122 candidate regions with 204 genes under selection during chickpea breeding.

Osmotic adjustment and energy limitations to plant growth in saline soil.

Plant roots must exclude almost all of the Na and Cl in saline soil while taking up water, otherwise these ions would build up to high concentrations in leaves. Plants evaporate c. 50 times more water than they retain, so 98% exclusion would result in shoot NaCl concentrations equal to that of the external medium.

Rice acclimation to soil flooding: Low concentrations of organic acids can trigger a barrier to radial oxygen loss in roots.

Waterlogged soils contain monocarboxylic acids produced by anaerobic microorganisms. These "organic acids" can accumulate to phytotoxic levels and promote development of a barrier to radial O loss (ROL) in roots of some wetland species. Environmental cues triggering root ROL barrier induction, a feature that together with tissue gas-filled porosity facilitates internal aeration, are important to elucidate for knowledge of plant stress physiology.