Three-Dimensional Choroidal Contour Mapping in Healthy and Diseased Eyes.

Purpose: Quantitative evaluation of choroidal curvature including choroidal inner boundary (CIB) and choroidal outer boundary (COB) and report a comparison between healthy and diseased eyes.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 97 eyes of 97 patients. Eyes were divided into three groups: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and healthy eyes.

Choroidal hypopigmented lesions: A review.

Choroidal hypopigmented lesions (CHLs) represent significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their diverse and complex etiologies, including neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory origins. Accurately differentiating between benign lesions with good prognoses and malignant or life-threatening conditions is crucial in directing the appropriate management and avoiding unnecessary invasive interventions. We integrate the latest research and clinical guidelines on advanced multimodal imaging modalities, emphasizing their comparative diagnostic value across varied etiologies of CHLs.

Three-dimensional choroidal contour mapping in healthy population.

Purpose was to study 3-dimensional choroidal contour at choroidal inner boundary (CIB) and choroidal outer boundary (COB) in healthy eyes. Healthy eyes imaged on wide field swept-source optical coherence tomography were included. Delineation of CIB and COB was done based on our previously reported methods.

Peripapillary fluid: Obvious and not so obvious!

Intraretinal or subretinal fluid in the peripapillary area can be clinically visualized in conditions such as peripapillary choroidal neovascularization, optic disc pit maculopathy, and optic nerve head tumors and granulomas. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helps to visualize peripapillary fluid in many other chorioretinal conditions such as peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome, posterior uveitis, central retinal vein occlusion, malignant hypertension, hypotonic maculopathy as well as neuro-ophthalmological conditions such as glaucoma, microcystic macular edema and disc edema due papilledema, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, neuroretinitis, and diabetic papillopathy. Often, the differential diagnosis of peripapillary fluid is a bit tricky and may lead to misdiagnosis and improper management.

Novel pharmaceuticals for the management of retinal vein occlusion and linked disorders.

Introduction: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second leading cause of blindness from retinal vascular disease behind diabetic retinopathy. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucocorticoid therapy are the cornerstones of pharmaceutical treatment for RVO. There is considerable interest in developing new pharmaceuticals in and out of these two classes to reduce costs, lower injection burden, and treat the occlusion itself, rather than the complications.

Bilateral evolution of OCT biomarkers in dry AMD: Long-term follow up study.

Purpose: To report the emergence and progress of four late-stage characteristics: incomplete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA) and complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA), drusen ooze and drusen collapse in eyes with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of eyes with non-exudative AMD. Multimodal imaging was done at follow up visits ≤ 12 months.

Multimodal Imaging Based Predictors for the Development of Choroidal Neovascularization in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

This study evaluated predictors for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) based on multimodal imaging. A retrospective multicenter chart review was conducted on 134 eyes of 132 consecutive patients with CSCR. Eyes were classified as per the multimodal imaging-based classification of CSCR at baseline into simple/complex CSCR and primary episode/recurrent/resolved CSCR.

Pathomechanisms in central serous chorioretinopathy: A recent update.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a potentially blinding choroidal disease. Despite decades of research, the pathological mechanisms of CSCR are still poorly understood. In recent years, there has been a strong emphasis on choroidal dysfunction as a primary cause of CSCR.

Brachytherapy for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

Brachytherapy is widely used for the treatment of choroidal melanoma and has recently been explored for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. We propose the use of low dose radiation via episcleral brachytherapy in refractory cases of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). The pathogenesis of CSCR involves dilatation and hyperpermeability of large choroidal vessels.

Comparative Analysis of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential Patterns between Menstruating and Menopausal North Indian Females.

Introduction: Various studies suggest a significant impact of gonadal hormones on many neuronal functions, including auditory processing. Although a few researchers have independently investigated the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) patterns during various phases of menstrual cycle and also during menopause, there is an acute paucity of comparative data between their BAEP patterns. This study was conducted to compare the BAEP patterns between normally menstruating females and menopausal females from North India.

One year outcome and predictors of treatment outcome in central serous chorioretinopathy: Multimodal imaging based analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the follow up and treatment outcome of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) based on the new multimodal imaging-based classification and identify the predictors for anatomic and visual outcome.

Methods: Retrospective, multicentric study on 95 eyes diagnosed with CSCR and a follow up of at least 12 months were included. Eyes with macular neovascularization, atypical CSCR or any other disease were excluded.

Visual acuity correlates with multimodal imaging-based categories of central serous chorioretinopathy.

Objective: To evaluate visual acuity (VA) and factors influencing VA using new multimodal imaging-based classification of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

Methods: Retrospective, observational and cross-sectional study on 229 naïve eyes diagnosed as CSCR with available baseline data and multimodal imaging. Each case was classified into (i) simple/complex/atypical; (ii) primary/recurrent/resolved; (iii) persistent or not; (iv) outer retinal atrophy(ORA) present/absent; (v) foveal involvement present/absent; and (vi) macular neovascularization(MNV) present/absent.

Influence of fellow eye on the diagnosis and classification of central serous chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To assess the influence of fellow eye information on diagnosis and classification of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) using multimodal imaging-based classification.

Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study including patients with CSCR with unilateral or bilateral involvement. Multimodal images of both eyes of each patient were compiled and presented to two masked retina specialists subdivided into three groups: (1) both eye data, (2) right eye data and (3) left eye data.

Optical coherence tomography predictors of progression of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration to advanced atrophic and exudative disease.

Purpose: To study the natural history of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging-based findings seen in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (neAMD) and model their relative likelihood in predicting development of incomplete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA), complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA), and neovascular AMD (nAMD).

Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed at two academic practices. Patients diagnosed with neAMD for whom yearly OCT scans were obtained for at least 4 consecutive years were included.

Intraretinal, sub-retinal, and sub-retinal pigmented epithelium fluid in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration: follow-up with OCT imaging.

Background/objectives: To evaluate the presence and evolution of fluid in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) through serial OCT.

Subjects/methods: A retrospective analysis of eyes with non-exudative AMD with a minimum of 4 year follow-up was done. Parameters including intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), and sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fluid (SRPEF); subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and type of drusen were evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans at baseline and follow up visits.