Three-Dimensional Choroidal Vessel Analysis in Asymmetric Bilateral Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Comparison of Active Neovascular AMD and Dry AMD Fellow Eyes.

Purpose: To assess choroidal vasculature in bilateral age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients, with neovascular AMD in one eye and dry AMD in the other, using an innovative three-dimensional (3D) algorithm.

Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 30 patients with asymmetric bilateral AMD. All patients underwent clinical exams and swept-source optical coherence tomography using PlexElite-9000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) scans centered on the fovea.

Three-Dimensional Choroidal Contour Mapping in Healthy and Diseased Eyes.

Purpose: Quantitative evaluation of choroidal curvature including choroidal inner boundary (CIB) and choroidal outer boundary (COB) and report a comparison between healthy and diseased eyes.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 97 eyes of 97 patients. Eyes were divided into three groups: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and healthy eyes.

Correlation of retino-choroidal thickness and vascular metrics with drusen volume as a severity marker of age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To assess retinal vascular perfusion and choroidal vascularity biomarkers correlated with drusen volume and severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Patients underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) (PlexElite-9000). Eyes with geographic atrophy or neovascular AMD were excluded.

Recent updates in choroidal imaging biomarkers.

The choroid, a highly vascularized tissue, supplies the outer retina and is responsible for other functions such as thermoregulation, secretion of growth factors, and possibly emmetropization. Choroidal changes, therefore, may play a role in various chorioretinal diseases. The recent surge in publications focusing on the choroid can be attributed to improvements in both resolution and field of view of optical coherence tomography and indocyanine green angiography.

DELAYED RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AFTER MACULAR SURGERY: A Multicentric Study.

Purpose: To report the anatomic and visual outcomes of eyes developing delayed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after macular surgery.

Methods: This was a retrospective, multicentric study including eyes undergoing RRD repair at least 3 months after macular surgery for either full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) or epiretinal membrane (ERM). Anatomic and functional assessment, i.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Ocular Comorbidities.

/: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common retinopathy that can present with other concurrent diseases; thus, further research into the prevalence of other ocular comorbidities in eyes with CSCR is required. : This retrospective, multicentric, cross-sectional observational study reviewed the charts of 9157 patients. Of them, 579 (6.

Innovator ranibizumab ComparEd to Biosimilar ranibizumab in combination with Expansile gas in submaculaR HemorrhaGe: the ICEBERG study.

Purpose: To compare the anatomical and visual outcomes in eyes with submacular hemorrhage (SMH) treated with a combination of ranibizumab (RBZ) either innovator or biosimilar (Razumab) and intravitreal perfluoropropane gas (CF).

Methods: Treatment naïve neovascular age related macular degeneration (n-AMD) patients with SMH were retrospectively analyzed. Patients received either innovator or biosimilar RBZ (3 loading doses followed by pro re nata regimen) and single injection of intravitreal CF.

From Cellular to Metabolic: Advances in Imaging of Inherited Retinal Diseases.

: Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a genetically complex group of disorders, usually resulting in progressive vision loss due to retinal degeneration. Traditional imaging methods help in structural assessments, but limitations exist in early functional cellular-level detection that are crucial for guiding new therapies. : This review includes a systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar for studies on advanced imaging techniques for IRDs.

Assessment of choroidal vessels in healthy eyes using 3-dimensional vascular maps and a semi-automated deep learning approach.

To assess the choroidal vessels in healthy eyes using a novel three-dimensional (3D) deep learning approach. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, swept-source OCT 6 × 6 mm scans on Plex Elite 9000 device were obtained. Automated segmentation of the choroidal layer was achieved using a deep-learning ResUNet model along with a volumetric smoothing approach.

Three-dimensional choroidal contour mapping in healthy population.

Purpose was to study 3-dimensional choroidal contour at choroidal inner boundary (CIB) and choroidal outer boundary (COB) in healthy eyes. Healthy eyes imaged on wide field swept-source optical coherence tomography were included. Delineation of CIB and COB was done based on our previously reported methods.

Randomized controlled trials in central serous chorioretinopathy: A review.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), a common chorioretinal disease, presents with a myriad of manifestations. Acute CSCR presents with localized neurosensory detachment whereas chronic CSCR may show widespread retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes, chronic shallow subretinal fluid, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) suggestive of a variable natural history leading to suboptimal visual outcomes. Even though multiple treatment options including laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, micropulse laser, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, and systemic drugs (spironolactone, eplerenone, melatonin, mifepristone) are available, there is an absence of any standardized treatment protocol or gold standard treatment modality.

Retinal Pigment Epithelial Characteristics in Acute and Resolved Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is an auto-immune inflammatory disease of choroidal origin. During the acute stage, optical coherence tomography (OCT), however, may not be able to assess the entire choroid. The aims of the paper were to evaluate the role of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a biomarker of inflammation in acute VKH.

Foveal photoreceptor disruption in ocular diseases: An optical coherence tomography-based differential diagnosis.

Fovea centralis, located at the center of the macula, is packed with cone photoreceptors and is responsible for central visual acuity. Isolated foveal photoreceptor disruption may occur in a variety of hereditary, degenerative, traumatic, and toxic chorioretinal diseases. These have been known previously by multiple synonyms including macular microhole, foveal spot, and outer foveal microdefects.

Multimodal Imaging Based Predictors for the Development of Choroidal Neovascularization in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

This study evaluated predictors for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) based on multimodal imaging. A retrospective multicenter chart review was conducted on 134 eyes of 132 consecutive patients with CSCR. Eyes were classified as per the multimodal imaging-based classification of CSCR at baseline into simple/complex CSCR and primary episode/recurrent/resolved CSCR.

Comparing treatment outcomes in randomized controlled trials of central serous chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To perform a qualitative analysis of outcomes published from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) from 1979 to 2022.

Design: Systematic review.

Methods: All RCTs (including both therapeutic and non-therapeutic interventions) on CSCR available online till July 2022 were included after an electronic search in multiple databases such as PubMed, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Scopus, and Cochrane database.

Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Technology and Techniques for Choroidal and Retinal Disorders.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging has played a pivotal role in the field of retina. This light-based, non-invasive imaging modality provides high-quality, cross-sectional analysis of the retina and has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of retinal and choroidal diseases. Since its introduction in the early 1990s, OCT technology has continued to advance to provide quicker acquisition times and higher resolution.

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging: Advances in Ophthalmology.

Since its advent in 1991, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become the most commonly used imaging modality in vitreo-retina practice [...

Choroidal imaging in uveitis: An update.

An important goal of advancements in ocular imaging algorithms and devices has been to improve the image acquisition and resolution of deeper ocular tissues, namely the choroid and its vasculature that are otherwise inaccessible to direct clinical examination. These advancements have contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology of a number of ocular inflammatory conditions. We focus on the imaging characteristics of clinical conditions where imaging the choroid has improved or radically changed the understanding of the disease, has helped in differentiation of phenotypically similar but distinct lesions, and where imaging features have proven vital for monitoring disease activity.