Farnesoid X Receptor Plays a Key Role in Ochratoxin A-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Targeting Ferroptosis In Vivo and In Vitro.

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity in animals and humans. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the NR family and is highly expressed in the kidney, which has an antilipid production function. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death involved in several pathophysiological cell death and kidney injury.

Expression and immunological characteristics of the surface-localized pyruvate kinase in Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

The widespread avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a causative agent of respiratory disease. The wall-less prokaryotes lack some tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, therefore, the glycolysis metabolic pathway is of great importance to these organisms. Pyruvate kinase (PK) is one of the key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and its immunological characteristics in Mycoplasma are not well known.

A SOE-PCR method of introducing multiple mutations into Mycoplasma gallisepticum neuraminidase.

A modified splicing with overlap extension PCR (SOE-PCR) was generated to introduce 21 TGA to TGG at Mycoplasma gallisepticum MGA_0329 gene. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed and retained neuraminidase activities, indicating that SOE-PCR is a rapid and highly efficient method of introducing multiple mutations into large M. gallisepticum genes.