MNK1 inhibitor as an antiviral agent suppresses buffalopox virus protein synthesis.

A small molecule chemical inhibitor CGP57380 that blocks activation of MAPK interacting kinase 1 (MNK1) was found to significantly suppress buffalopox virus (BPXV) replication. BPXV infection was shown to induce MNK1 activation. Depletion of MNK1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA), blocking activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK, an upstream activator of MNK1) and disruption of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction (downstream substrate of MNK1 which plays a central role in cap-dependent translation initiation), resulted in reduced BPXV replication, suggesting that ERK/MNK1/eIF4E signaling is a prerequisite for BPXV replication.

Typing of isolated from poultry on the basis of A-RFLP by various restriction enzymes.

RFLP analysis of the flagellin (A) gene was compared using three different restriction endonucleases I, I and II to determine the genetic diversity among 43 isolates of poultry origin from the same geographical area. A gene was amplified in all the isolates and RFLP analysis showed variations. -based RFLP was found most efficient in discriminating isolates by generating 15 different -RFLP patterns with discriminatory index (D.

Role of MAPK/MNK1 signaling in virus replication.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they heavily depend on the host cell machinery to effectively replicate and produce new progeny virus particles. Following viral infection, diverse cell signaling pathways are initiated by the cells, with the major goal of establishing an antiviral state. However, viruses have been shown to exploit cellular signaling pathways for their own effective replication.

Temporal variations in patterns of strain diversity and antimicrobial resistance in the migrant Egyptian vulture.

: Multiple antimicrobial resistance in of wild vertebrates is a global concern with scarce assessments on the subject from developing countries that have high human-wild species interactions. We studied the ecology of in a wintering population of Egyptian Vultures in India to understand temporal changes in both strains and patterns of antimicrobial resistance. : We ribotyped strains and assessed antimicrobial resistance from wintering vultures at a highly synanthropic carcass dump in north-west India.

β-defensins: An innate defense for bovine mastitis.

Immune challenges are inevitable for livestock that are exposed to a varied range of adverse conditions ranging from environmental to pathogenic stresses. The β-defensins are antimicrobial peptides, belonging to "defensin" family and therefore acts as the first line of defense against the major infections occurring in dairy cattle including intramammary infections. The better resistance to mastitis displayed by is implicit in the fact that they have better adapted and also has more sequence variation with rare allele conserved due to lesser artificial selection pressure than that of .

Identification and in silico analysis of cattle DExH/D box RNA helicases.

The helicases are motor proteins participating in a range of nucleic acid metabolisms. RNA helicase families are characterized by the presence of conserved motifs. This article reports a comprehensive in silico analysis of Bos taurus DExH/D helicase members.

Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease.