Change in Free-Living Daily Steps does not Affect VO Adaptation in Response to a Supervised Aerobic Walking Program in Females Ages 18-45.

We hypothesized that an increase in nonexercise physical activity (NEPA), assessed by daily steps outside of steps accrued during supervised exercise training sessions, would be positively correlated with the change in VO. Females ages 18-45 yr (n = 44; 30 ± 7 yr; 67.7 ± 18.

The prevalence and prognostic impact of additive abnormal stress exercise markers in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion imaging.

Background: While the rate of ischemia on stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has decreased over the last two decades, many symptomatic patients remain at an intermediate to high risk for cardiac events. Exercise workload, heart rate (HR) response, HR recovery, hemodynamic gain index, and blood pressure response to exercise have established prognostic value in isolation; however, the utility of these markers in patients with normal myocardial perfusion and no ischemic electrocardiogram ST segment depression (normal stress MPI) is unknown.

Methods: We performed a retrospective, single-center analysis of abnormal stress exercise markers in 892 patients who had a normal stress MPI from 2015 to 2017.

Incretin Receptor Agonism, Fat-free Mass, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Narrative Review.

Context: Individuals with obesity often exhibit low muscle quality and are at risk of reduced muscle mass and diminished cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist (GLP-1/GIPRA) promote significant loss in adipose tissue but are also associated with notable reductions in fat-free mass (FFM). It is not yet understood how these drugs affect CRF which is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Perioperative exercise and post-operative mortality in patients undergoing oncologic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the potential impact of perioperative exercise on survival and post-operative mortality in oncologic patients undergoing surgical resection.

Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials administering perioperative exercise in oncologic patients undergoing surgical resection published between 2000 and 2024 was performed. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched, and outcomes of interest included recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival, cancer-specific survival, overall survival, or post-operative mortality.

Increasing the health span: unique role for exercise.

Health span, that period between birth and onset of major disease(s), when adequate physical and cognitive function permit those daily living activities essential to life quality, is lower in the United States than other developed countries. Physical inactivity and excessive calorie intake occupy dominant roles both in the problem, and by redressing them, in the solution. Consequently, this review focuses on evidence that appropriate exercise engagement and calorie restriction (CR) can improve physical and mental health with a view to extending the health span.

Exercise Intolerance in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: To analyze the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on cardiorespiratory fitness.

Methods: A multilevel model using restricted maximum likelihood method was used to analyze pooled data. Inclusion criteria included adults aged >18 years, one group of individuals needed to have been diagnosed with T2D, the control group must not have had insulin resistance, the study must report peak oxygen uptake, there was no exercise training before tests of functional capacity, and subjects may not have had overt cardiovascular disease, cancer, transplant surgery, or bariatric surgery.

A patient choice-driven lifestyle intervention lowers HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: A feasibility study.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common metabolic disorder in which only 25% of patients meet management targets. While the primary care setting is positioned to provide lifestyle management education, studies are lacking which integrate behavior interventions in this setting utilizing clinic staff. Thus, we evaluated a 90-day lifestyle intervention for management of glycemia at a family practice clinic administered by clinic medical assistants.

Algorithmic Audits in Sports Medicine: An Examination of the SpartaScience™ Force Plate System.

Introduction: Force plate systems are increasingly utilized in the armed forces that claim to identify individuals at risk of musculoskeletal injury. However, factors influencing injury risk scores from a force plate system (SpartaScience™) and the effects of experimental perturbations on these scores remain unclear.

Methods: Healthy males ( n = 823; 22.

Bread Consumption and Cancer Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

Because bread can contain potential carcinogens such as acrylamide, and is widely consumed, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether bread consumption is associated with increased cancer risk. PubMed and Medline databases were searched up to 1 March 2024, for studies that provided hazard ratios (HRs) (or similar) for bread consumption and cancer incidence or mortality. Only prospective cohort studies were included.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The purpose of this review was to assess the joint relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and Body Mass Index (BMI) on both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality risk.

Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Pooled HR and 95% CI were calculated using a three-level restricted maximum likelihood estimation random-effects model with robust variance estimation.

Impact of whole-body and skeletal muscle composition on peak oxygen uptake in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: Heart failure (HF) has a major impact on exercise tolerance that may (in part) be due to abnormalities in body and skeletal muscle composition. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess how differences in whole-body and skeletal muscle composition between patients with HF and non-HF controls (CON) contribute to reduced peak oxygen uptake (VOpeak).

Methods And Results: The PubMed database was searched from 1975 to May 2024 for eligible studies.

Treadmill walking economy is not affected by body fat and body mass index in adults.

To determine whether body fat and body mass index (BMI) affect the energy cost of walking (Cw; J/kg/m), ventilation, and gas exchange data from 205 adults (115 females; percent body fat range = 3.0%-52.8%; BMI range = 17.

The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine.

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event.

Application of a New Carbohydrate Food Quality Scoring System: An Expert Panel Report.

Carbohydrate foods (≥40% energy from carbohydrates) are the main source of energy in the US diet. In contrast to national-level dietary guidance, many regularly consumed carbohydrate foods are low in fiber and whole grains but high in added sugar, sodium, and/or saturated fat. Given the important contribution of higher-quality carbohydrate foods to affordable healthy diets, new metrics are needed to convey the concept of carbohydrate quality to policymakers, food industry stakeholders, health professionals, and consumers.

Quantifying the benefits of inefficient walking: Monty Python inspired laboratory based experimental study.

Objective: To compare the rate of energy expenditure of low efficiency walking with high efficiency walking.

Design: Laboratory based experimental study.

Setting: United States.

Force plate vertical jump scans are not a valid proxy for physical fitness in US special warfare trainees.

The United States Air Force Special Warfare Training Wing (SWTW) administers a comprehensive physical fitness test to active duty Airmen entering the Special Warfare training pipeline. The Sparta Science™ system utilizes proprietary software to analyze the force-time curve of a vertical jump and purports to serve as a proxy for traditional military fitness tests. The Sparta Science™ system produces four proprietary metrics, including the Sparta™ Score, which is correlated to high magnitudes of force production purportedly This study investigated how Sparta™ Jump Scans correlate to components of a physical fitness test utilized within the SW training pipeline.

A New Carbohydrate Food Quality Scoring System to Reflect Dietary Guidelines: An Expert Panel Report.

Existing metrics of carbohydrate food quality have been based, for the most part, on favorable fiber- and free sugar-to-carbohydrate ratios. In these metrics, higher nutritional quality carbohydrate foods are defined as those with >10% fiber and <10% free sugar per 100 g carbohydrate. Although fiber- and sugar-based metrics may help to differentiate the nutritional quality of various types of grain products, they may not aptly capture the nutritional quality of other healthy carbohydrate foods, including beans, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.

The Use of Force Plate Vertical Jump Scans to Identify Special Warfare Trainees at Risk for Musculoskeletal Injury: A Large Cohort Study.

Background: Vertical jump scans from commercially available force plate systems are increasingly used in military settings to screen for musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) risk. However, to date, no studies have determined the ability of these tools to identify tactical athletes at elevated risk for MSKI.

Purpose: To (1) determine associations between scores from a force plate vertical jump test and the likelihood of experiencing an MSKI and to (2) establish the test-retest reliability of the output scores from the force plate system used.

Postexercise Hypotension Is Delayed in Men With Obesity and Hypertension.

Background: Postexercise hypotension (PEH) can play a major role in the daily blood pressure management among individuals with hypertension. However, there are limited data on PEH in persons with obesity and hypertension, and no PEH data in this population beyond 90 min postexercise.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if PEH could be elicited in men with obesity and hypertension during a 4-h postexercise measurement period.

Adaptive Goals and Reinforcement Timing to Increase Physical Activity in Adults: A Factorial Randomized Trial.

Introduction: Potent lifestyle interventions to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity are urgently needed for population-level chronic disease prevention. This trial tested the independent and joint effects of a mobile health system automating adaptive goal setting and immediate financial reinforcement for increasing daily walking among insufficiently active adults.

Study Design: Participants were randomized into a 2 (adaptive versus static goal setting) X 2 (immediate versus delayed financial incentive timing) condition factorial trial to increase walking.

Effects of indulgent food snacking, with and without exercise training, on body weight, fat mass, and cardiometabolic risk markers in overweight and obese men.

We hypothesized that exercise training would prevent gains in body weight and body fat, and worsening of cardiometabolic risk markers, during a 4-week period of indulgent food snacking in overweight/obese men. Twenty-eight physically inactive men (ages 19-47 yr) with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m consumed 48 donuts (2/day, 6 days/week; ~14,500 kcal total) for 4 weeks while maintaining habitual diet. Men were randomly assigned to control (n = 9), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 9), or high-intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 10).

Obesity treatment: Weight loss versus increasing fitness and physical activity for reducing health risks.

We propose a weight-neutral strategy for obesity treatment on the following grounds: (1) the mortality risk associated with obesity is largely attenuated or eliminated by moderate-to-high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or physical activity (PA), (2) most cardiometabolic risk markers associated with obesity can be improved with exercise training independent of weight loss and by a magnitude similar to that observed with weight-loss programs, (3) weight loss, even if intentional, is not consistently associated with lower mortality risk, (4) increases in CRF or PA are consistently associated with greater reductions in mortality risk than is intentional weight loss, and (5) weight cycling is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes including increased mortality. Adherence to PA may improve if health care professionals consider PA and CRF as essential vital signs and consistently emphasize to their patients the myriad benefits of PA and CRF in the absence of weight loss.

Comparison of constant load exercise intensity for verification of maximal oxygen uptake following a graded exercise test in older adults.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO max) declines with advancing age and is a predictor of morbidity and mortality risk. The purpose here was to assess the utility of constant load tests performed either above or below peak work rate obtained from a graded exercise test for verification of VO max in older adults. Twenty-two healthy older adults (9M, 13F, 67 ± 6 years, BMI: 26.