ESR Essentials: acute infections of the head and neck-practice recommendations by the European Society of Head and Neck Radiology.

Acute head and neck infections are common in the population and can have serious complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to avoid morbidity and mortality. Imaging is not indicated for uncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis, otomastoiditis, or limited face and neck soft tissue infections (such as tonsillar or odontogenic infections).

Radiological Activity Score (RAS)-MRI Characteristics in Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy in a Multi-Ethnic Thyroid Eye Disease Population.

Purpose: Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy (DON) is a sight threatening and diagnostically challenging complication of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). We provide a comparative analysis of the MRI features associated between patietnts with and without DON.

Methods: Anonymised retrospective cohort study of patients with TED over eleven years.

Extraocular muscle Diffusion Weighted Imaging as a quantitative metric of posterior orbital involvement in thyroid associated orbitopathy.

Objectives: The clinical activity score (CAS) and European severity scale (ESS) are established clinical tools to assess thyroid eye disease (TED) but are limited in terms of subjectivity and their reliability in non-Caucasian individuals, and can underestimate significant disease in the posterior orbit. Preliminary data from pilot studies have shown that diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) using extraocular muscle (EOM) apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements may provide complementary information in TED. This study expands on previous research to assess for correlations between clinical scores and EOM-ADCs in stratifying disease activity and severity in a large patient cohort from an ethnically diverse population.

Oral cavity cancer and its pre-treatment radiological evaluation: A pictorial overview.

Purpose: Oral cavity cancer, primarily squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), is a prevalent malignancy globally, necessitating accurate clinical assessment and staging to enable effective treatment planning. Diagnosis requires biopsy and is followed by surgical resection and reconstruction as the primary therapeutic modality. Imaging plays a pivotal role during this process, aiding in the evaluation of tumour extent, nodal involvement and distant metastases.

Imaging of pharyngeal pathology.

The pharynx plays a significant role in swallowing and speech, and this is reflected in both its complex anatomy and degree of physiological motility. Patients who present with pharynx-related symptoms such as sore throat, globus, dysphagia or dysphonia will usually undergo visual and nasal endoscopic examination in the first instance. Imaging is frequently required to supplement clinical assessment and this typically involves MRI and CT.

Imaging of Acute and Chronic Skull Base Infection.

Skull base infections are uncommon but can be life threatening without timely recognition. Imaging plays a crucial role because symptoms can be vague and nonlocalizing. Necrotizing otitis externa in diabetic or immunocompromised patients is the commonest cause of skull base osteomyelitis (SBO), followed by sinogenic infections and idiopathic central SBO.

Survey of the Use of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for Cholesteatoma in the United Kingdom.

Background: Non-echoplanar diffusion-weighted MRI (DWMRI) has a role in the surgical planning for cholesteatoma.

Aims/objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the use of DWMRI in the management of cholesteatoma across the UK, and measure clinicians' confidence in the use of DWMRI.

Materials And Methods: Telephone survey in 139 Otolaryngology Departments in the United Kingdom between March 2017 and July 2017, and asking radiology delegates at the British Society of Head and Neck Imaging 2017 meeting.

Detecting causes of pulsatile tinnitus on CT arteriography-venography: A pictorial review.

Pulsatile tinnitus (PT) can be a mild or debilitating symptom. Following clinical examination and otoscopy, when the underlying aetiology is not apparent, radiological imaging can be used to evaluate further. CT arteriography-venography (CT A-V) of the head and neck has recently been introduced as a single 'one catch' modality for identifying the many causes of PT including those which are treatable and potentially serious whilst also providing reassurance through negative studies or studies with benign findings.

Imaging of IgG4-related disease in the extracranial head and neck.

Purpose: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly defined fibro-inflammatory multisystemic condition defined by a triad of diagnostic criteria based on clinical presentation, biochemical and histopathological findings. Whereas some subsites of this disease have been well described in the literature so far (e.g.

Imaging the facial nerve: A contemporary review of anatomy and pathology.

Purpose: The facial nerve is the seventh paired cranial nerve which anatomically can be divided into six distinct segments. There are a wide range of pathologies that may occur along each segment of the nerve. The aim of this pictorial review is to untangle the complex appearances of the facial nerve, both in its normal anatomical course and when affected by pathology.

Inflammation of the Temporal Bone.

Temporal bone and ear structure inflammation is commonly due to infection. It can be associated with a variety of complications and postinflammatory sequelae. Where the ear is easily inspected, clinical evaluation suffices.

Hypopharyngeal lipoma-A diagnostic work up.

It is important to examine the pharynx through nasoendoscopic examination in patients that present with dysphagia, to look for pharyngeal masses. Magnetic resonance imaging can accurately diagnose lipoma in the pharynx region.

Novel use of non-echo-planar diffusion weighted MRI in monitoring disease activity and treatment response in active Grave's orbitopathy: An initial observational cohort study.

Aim: To examine the novel use of non-echo-planar diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) in depicting activity and treatment response in active Grave's orbitopathy (GO) by assessing, with inter-observer agreement, for a correlation between its apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) and conventional Short tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) MRI signal-intensity ratios (SIRs).

Method And Materials: A total of 23 actively inflamed muscles and 30 muscle response episodes were analysed in patients with active GO who underwent medical treatment. The MRI orbit scans included STIR sequences and non-echo-planar DWI were evaluated.

Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Novel Imaging Modality in Assessing Treatment Response in Necrotizing Otitis Externa.

Objective: To report our initial experience of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) as a novel imaging tool for assessing and monitoring treatment response in necrotizing otitis externa (NOE).

Patients: Seven adults with a diagnosis of NOE on both clinical and computed tomography (CT) criteria who were subsequently monitored with at least two echoplanar DW-MRI investigations were included in this retrospective longitudinal observational study.

Intervention: Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including echoplanar diffusion-weighted sequences, within 2 weeks of diagnosis of NOE to determine the extent of infection and to provide a baseline scan for monitoring response to treatment.

Facial extention of ear pathology: infected cholesteatoma causing a parotid abscess.

A man in his early 30s presented with right-sided preauricular swelling and facial oedema. He had a history of acid injury to his right ear as a child resulting in pinna deformity and subsequent blind sac closure of the external auditory canal. Imaging showed abnormal ear anatomy and abnormal density of the right parotid gland.

Using Nonechoplanar Diffusion-weighted MRI to Assess Treatment Response in Active Graves Orbitopathy: A Novel Approach with 2 Case Reports.

Two patients (68 and 71 years, both female) with sight threatening, active Graves orbitopathy but low clinical activity score underwent MRI scans before and after intravenous corticosteroid treatment. Two MRI techniques, short-term inversion recovery and nonechoplanar diffusion-weighted imaging, were used. Apparent diffusion coefficient values reduced in patient 1 who had successful medical treatment and remained elevated in patient 2 who had an inadequate treatment response.

Classification of orbital fractures using the AO/ASIF system in a population surveillance cohort of traumatic optic neuropathy.

Purpose: In our prospective nationwide surveillance study of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in the United Kingdom, the prevalence of orbital fractures was found to be 39% (47/121). The prevalence of skull fractures was 7.4% (9/121).

The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis.

Objective: To examine the evidence for the role of radiologic imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis.

Data Sources: A review of contemporary (1990 to present) English medical literature via MedLine using the terms imaging, otosclerosis, otospongiosis, stapes surgery, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, CT, and MRI was performed.

Study Selection: Abstracts were reviewed independently by 2 authors and relevant articles were then evaluated.

Evaluating thyroid nodules: predicting and selecting malignant nodules for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.

Objective: To form and assess a set of diagnostic ultrasound criteria to select malignant nodules for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and reduce number of FNA biopsies.

Methods: In this prospective observational service evaluation study, 171 thyroid nodules that underwent FNA cytology were independently scored by two observers for established nodular sonographic characteristics for malignancy. The final diagnosis was confirmed by surgery or a 6-month follow-up in nodules with benign cytology.

Analysing lateral soft tissue neck radiographs.

A lateral soft tissue neck radiograph is a useful adjunct in diagnosing and managing the patient presenting with upper airway symptoms but is often inadequately reviewed. We present some common findings and robust systems to improve analysis of these radiographs.

Detecting cholesteatoma with non-echo planar (HASTE) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of half-Fourier-acquisition single-shot turbo-spin-echo (HASTE) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) in the detection of cholesteatoma.

Study Design: Prospective blinded comparative study.

Setting: London teaching hospital.