Implicating neuroinflammation in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala with cognitive deficit: a narrative review.

Neuroinflammation is known to be a contributing factor for several neurological disorders as well as cognitive dysfunction. Different signalling pathways, and a variety of supporting cells of CNS are suggested to be involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. Among the factors contributing to neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation takes a lead role according to recent research, since persistent peripheral inflammation is believed to disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Repurposing the hypoglycaemic agents for neuroinflammation, a comprehensive review.

The shared pathways between neuroinflammation and diabetes mellitus involve the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent production of the IL-1β. Chronic hyperactivation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and innate immunity are implicated in neurological disorders and diabetes. Repurposing drugs with anti-inflammatory properties allows for faster clinical translation in neuroinflammation as compared to developing new drugs from scratch.

Beyond the Surface: A Multidetector Computer Tomography Scan Investigation into Age and Gender Differences.

Background: The identification of an individual after mass calamities poses challenges to experts when bones are fragmented. Dense bones, such as the maxilla, surpass this challenge and remain intact with sinuses even after incineration, thereby making the sinuses an ideal and reliable forensic science tool. No-ninvasive imaging techniques, such as Computed Tomography (CT), can be used to evaluate such cases and help detect fractures and further locate foreign bodies.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide model of neuroinflammation-associated neurodegeneration in Wistar rats: A comparison between different durations of lipopolysaccharide induction.

Background And Aim: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation can be the most dependable animal model for studying neurodegeneration mechanisms driven by systemic inflammation-induced neuroinflammation. Hence, this study aimed to standardize the LPS model of neuroinflammation by comparing the effect of relatively low-dose LPS administered for different durations on the induction of neurodegeneration in Wistar rats.

Materials And Methods: Six groups of six adult Wistar rats per group were used in the study.

Ethanolic extract of leaves alleviates aluminum-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and neuroinflammation in rat brain.

Background And Aim: Aluminum (Al)-induced neurotoxicity is known to play a pivotal role in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases, and this is alleged to occur through neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. This study aimed to determine the effect of a (FR) leaf extract on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by Al exposure in the rat brain by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL6), and total antioxidant (TAO) levels along with the degree of neurodegeneration in the brain of AlCl-administered and F leaf extract-treated rats.

Materials And Methods: Two- to three-month-old male albino rats weighing 250-280 g were used in the present study.

Drainage Pattern of Craniofacial Veins With Emphasis on its Influence on Facial Reconstruction Procedures.

As the facial transplantation procedures are becoming more popular and frequent in recent years, for repairing facial trauma, variations in the veins of head and neck needs to be reported time and again. This study was undertaken to examine the course and drainage pattern of the facial vein and external jugular vein on this context and emphasize its surgical implications. The authors studied the head and neck region of 50 embalmed cadavers of both sexes to document normal and variant anatomy of facial, retromandibular, and external jugular veins.

Zebrafish as an experimental model for the simulation of neurological and craniofacial disorders.

Zebrafish have gained momentum as a leading experimental model in recent years. At present, the zebrafish vertebrate model is increasingly used due to its multifactorial similarities to humans that include genetic, organ, and cellular factors. With the emergence of novel research techniques that are very expensive, it is necessary to develop affordable and valid experimental models.

Radiation mitigating activities of L. against whole-body X-ray-induced damages in albino Wistar rat model.

In the present study, we investigated radiation mitigating activities of L. () against whole-body X- ray induced damages in albino Wistar rat model. The animals were orally administered with 200 mg/kg bodyweight of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of for five consecutive days and on the fifth day, after the last dose of extract administration, animals were exposed to 4 Gy of X-rays.

Anticlastogenic, radiation antagonistic, and anti-inflammatory activities of in albino Wistar rat model.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and antigenotoxic effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of () in albino Wistar rats against whole body X-ray irradiation. Rats were orally administered with (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) of leaf extract for five days. On the fifth day after last administration, animals were exposed to whole body X-rays of 8 Gy.

Variants of latissimus dorsi with a perspective on tendon transfer surgery: an anatomic study.

Background: The latissimus dorsi (LD) is often used for tendon transfers to treat massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. The operation requires the LD tendon to be mobilized to reduce tension on the tendon. In that respect, any connection between the LD tendon and contiguous muscles may hamper tendon mobility and affect the surgical outcome.

A Cephalometric Analysis on Magnitudes and Shape of Sella Turcica.

Familiarity with the shape and dimensions of sella turcica is important to recognize and manage pathological conditions of pituitary gland as well as for orthodontic treatment planning. The present study aims to describe the morphology and dimensions of sella turcica from Indian population, using lateral cephalograms to set a reference data for comparison among different races. The study used 36 lateral skull radiographs of both sexes between age group of 13 to 18 years.

Assessment of craniometric traits in South Indian dry skulls for sex determination.

The skeleton plays an important role in sex determination in forensic anthropology. The skull bone is considered as the second best after the pelvic bone in sex determination due to its better retention of morphological features. Different populations have varying skeletal characteristics, making population specific analysis for sex determination essential.

Morphological study of styloid process of the temporal bone and its clinical implications.

The objective of this study was to study the morphometry of the styloid process of temporal bone and prevalence of elongated styloid process. The morphology of elongated styloid process along with its embryological and clinical importance are discussed. The present study included 110 human dry skulls which were procured from the bone collections of the department of anatomy.

Morphometric study of the medial orbital wall emphasizing the ethmoidal foramina.

Purpose: Ethmoidal foramina on the medial orbital wall show a higher incidence of variation. Surgeons performing endonasal, anterior cranial fossa and medial orbital wall surgeries must be aware of these variations as they are a source of hemorrhage and also serve as landmark in proximity to the orbital apex.

Aim: The present study aims to describe the morphometric distances of various ethmoidal foramina between anterior lacrimal crest to optic canal in south Indian dry human skulls.

Anatomical and morphometric analysis of accessory infraorbital foramen.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the anatomical and morphometric variation in shape, frequency of occurrence, direction, and position of accessory infraorbital foramen (AIOF) in relation to infraorbital foramen (IOF) in cadaveric dry skulls to minimize clinical complications and aid in surgical maneuvering in the maxillofacial region and implementing the regional block anesthesia. The IOF is an important anatomical landmark in these surgical manipulations. Because there is limited literature available on AIOF, which transmits accessory branch of the infraorbital nerve, the present study was designed.

Effect of sildenafil-induced nitric oxide on the histomorphology of cardiomyocytes in male rats.

Introduction: Although sildenafil citrate, one of the selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, is considered the best treatment for erectile dysfunction, studies have shown that it has also a beneficial effect on a variety of cardiovascular conditions. In spite of reports of a significant protective effect of sildenafil against necrosis in intact hearts, there are also contradictory reports regarding its beneficial effect on the heart. Since there are not enough reports regarding the histomorphological changes in the cardiomyocytes after exposure to sildenafil citrate, the present study was conducted to observe the same along with other biochemical parameters.

Accessory neurovascular foramina on the lingual surface of mandible: incidence, topography, and clinical implications.

Context: It was suggested that the accessory neurovascular foramina of the mandible might be of significance in relation to the effectiveness of local anesthesia following the routine inferior alveolar nerve block.

Aims: To investigate the incidence of neurovascular foramina over the lingual surface of the mandible in South Indian population.

Settings And Design: The study was conducted at the department of anatomy.

Variant facial artery in the submandibular region.

Facial artery has been considered to be the most important vascular pedicle in facial rejuvenation procedures and submandibular gland (SMG) resection. It usually arises from the external carotid artery and passes from the carotid to digastric triangle, deep to the posterior belly of digastric muscle, and lodges in a groove at the posterior end of the SMG. It then passes between SMG and the mandible to reach the face after winding around the base of the mandible.

Superficial palmar arch completion at the first interdigital cleft: a case report.

Knowledge of variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch is beneficial for successful vascular surgery in the hand as well as for plastic surgeons. The authors describe an unusual completion of superficial palmar arch by first dorsal metacarpal branch of radial artery at the first interdigital cleft which was encountered during routine upper limb dissection for undergraduates. The arteria princeps pollicis and arteria radialis indicis also were the branches of first dorsal metacarpal artery at the first interdigital cleft.

Unique distribution by the peroneal nerves: a case report.

Purpose: Among the branches of common peroneal nerve, the superficial peroneal provides cutaneous innervation to major part of the dorsum of the foot and deep peroneal nerve supplies the skin over the first interdigital cleft region.

Methods: The present rare case was observed during routine dissection of leg for undergraduate students, in a 52-year-old male, formalin fixed cadaver.

Results: The superficial peroneal nerve provided solely motor branches to peroneus longus and brevis, whereas cutaneous branches were provided by deep peroneal nerve.

Morphological and topographical anatomy of nutrient foramina in human upper limb long bones and their surgical importance.

Objectives: To study the morphology and topography of nutrient foramina and to determine the foraminal index of the upper limb long bones.

Materials And Methods: The study comprised 243 upper limb long bones, which included humeri, radii, and ulnae. The nutrient foramina were identified macroscopically in all the bones and an elastic rubber band was applied around these foramina.

Accessory transverse foramina in the cervical spine: incidence, embryological basis, morphology and surgical importance.

Aim: To study the incidence of accessory foramina transversaria in cervical spine and to analyze them morphologically with emphasize on their embryological and surgical importance.

Material And Methods: The study included 363 human cervical vertebrae which were procured from the bone collections of the Department of Anatomy. The foramen transversarium was observed macroscopically on both sides of all the vertebras, the accessory foramina were noted.

Anomalous location of facial nerve deep to parotid gland.

The knowledge of normal and variant anatomy of the facial nerve is essential for safe surgery of the parotid gland. The location of a parotid mass in relation to the course of the facial nerve determines whether superficial or total parotidectomies should be performed. The variant course of the facial nerve within the parotid may endanger the nerve during parotid surgeries.

Anomalous branching pattern of the external carotid artery: a case report.

Variations in the branching pattern of the external carotid artery (ECA) are well known and documented. The variation in the present case was compared with those reported before. An anomalous unilateral variation in the branching pattern of the left ECA was observed in a male embalmed cadaver.

An anatomical and clinical insight on brachialis with emphasis on portal's muscle.

There have been conflicting descriptions regarding the anatomy of portal's muscle in the literature. The purpose of the present study seeks to clarify the presence, morphology, and potential function of this muscle in order to refine surgical techniques around the elbow. Forty-eight formalin fixed upper extremities were dissected and observed for attachments of brachialis meticulously and particularly over the anterior elbow joint capsule with special emphasis to the anatomical relation of the deeper fibers to the joint.