The functioning of otolith organs in individuals with type-II diabetes mellitus.

Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a systemic disease, is a major public health concern. It is possible that micro and macrovascular changes in the inner ear due to DM could affect both auditory and vestibular functioning. However, there is a lack of conclusive evidence for vestibular impairment in individuals with DM.

An Overview of Neuroprotective Effects of Erythropoietin Against Neurological Disorders: Beyond Erythropoiesis.

Brain related disorders are a set of medical ailments that cause motor incoordination, cognitive and memory problems due to neurodegeneration in the brain. Although current therapies alleviate symptoms, they fail to target the fundamental pathological processes driving the disorders. A hematopoietic growth factor, Erythropoietin, stimulates erythroid cell formation and is therapeutically applied for the treatment of anemia.

Structural insights for peptide and small molecules based drug discovery targeting the KEAP1 Kelch domain: A review.

The KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway plays a pivotal role in redox homeostasis and cellular stress. Abnormal regulation of this pathway results in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease, cancer and diabetes. Targeting the KEAP1 Kelch domain presents a promising therapeutic strategy to regulate Nrf2 activity.

Thyroid Disorders in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Center: An Observational study.

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of childbearing age, affecting 3-15% of women worldwide, leading to reproductive, metabolic, and psychological issues. Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome require rigorous thyroid function detection, monitoring, and correction over time. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical presentations and thyroid dysfunction in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Design and investigation of charge plasma-based TMD heterojunction TFET biosensor for ultrasensitive detection.

In this work, a charge plasma TMD heterojunction tunnel FET-based dielectrically modulated biosensor is designed and investigated for biosensing applications. In the proposed biosensor, WTe and MoS serve as the source and channel material, respectively to form the heterojunction. Whereas the channel-drain junction is a homojunction formed by MoS.

Structure and stability of phycocyanin from thermotolerant Oscillatoria.

Phycocyanin (PC), a pigment-protein complex with diverse biotechnological applications, plays a key role in light energy transfer for photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. PC (O-PC) from a thermotolerant cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. N09DM exhibits remarkable stability compared to its mesophilic counterparts, making it highly valuable for industrial and medical applications.

Biochanin-A: A Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a multifactorial neurological condition characterized by progressive loss of memory and learning, uncontrollable movement, difficulty processing visual images, and impairment of reasoning and/or judgment skills. Although the exact cause of AD is still unknown, recent evidence suggests that environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors are common contributors to the disease's progression. Pathophysiological features of AD include amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, abnormal deposition of neuritic plaques and neurofibrile tangles, cholinergic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress burden along with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions for glaucoma treatment: An insight into the latest trends.

Glaucoma is a serious eye disease characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, which can ultimately lead to blindness, making it the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, following cataracts. The condition is associated with various risk factors and primarily affects the optic nerve. To treat glaucoma, a range of approaches, both traditional and innovative, have been employed.

Neuroactive Phytoconstituents of for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, poses a significant global health challenge with complicated pathogenesis. Pathological characteristics of AD include increasing loss of cholinergic neurons, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and amyloid beta accumulation. Due to the limited availability of effective therapeutic options with only symptomatic relief and their severe adverse effects, there is a significant need to search and explore new agents for the management of AD.

Effect of Electrode Montage on Frequency Tuning Properties of Air-Conducted Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential.

Objectives: The use of a 500 Hz tone burst over other frequencies was adopted for the clinical recording of ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) on the basis that this stimulus frequency produces larger response amplitudes (frequency tuning) than the other frequencies. However, the possibility of reflex contamination due to a spatially displaced reference electrode from the muscle of the response origin raises questions about using an infraorbital (IO) montage. Nonetheless, the belly-tendon (BT) montage, which places both the recording electrodes over the inferior oblique muscle, increases the chances of obtaining a response with greater contribution from the inferior oblique muscle.

Dietary Natural Flavonoids: Intervention for MAO-B Against Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) stands as the second most common neurological disorder after Alzheimer's disease, primarily affecting the elderly population and significantly compromising their quality of life. The precise etiology of PD remains elusive, but recent research has shed light on potential factors, including the formation of α-synuclein aggregates, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter imbalances, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain, culminating in motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, akinesia, tremors, and rigidity. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an essential enzyme, comprising two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B, responsible for the oxidation of monoamines such as dopamine.

Development and Standardization of Modified Simultaneous Multifrequency Stimulus for Recording Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential and Its Interaction with the Alternate Electrode Montages.

Background:  Simultaneous multifrequency (SiMFy) is a time-saving and reliable stimulus to determine the frequency tuning of ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP); however, the absence of 4000 Hz in SiMFy potentially makes it a less potent tool for the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence, a pathology with an ever-increasing prevalence. Further, SiMFy was validated using only the infraorbital (IO) electrode montage. However, the recordings obtained using the IO montage might be susceptible to reference contamination introduced by a small separation between the recording electrodes and also susceptible to reflex impurity due to the spatially displaced reference electrode from the inferior oblique muscle, rendering it vulnerable to picking up responses from other muscles.

Heterologous expression, purification and single step efficient refolding of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Reteplase) from E. coli.

Reteplase (recombinant plasminogen activator, rPA) is a mutant non-glycosylated tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) containing 355 amino acids with longer half-life and promising thrombolytic activity than its original counterpart, full length tPA. In this study, we aimed to produce and optimize the purification process of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) known as Reteplase (rPA). Reteplase cDNA synthesized from total mRNA isolated from human placenta was PCR amplified, cloned into a pET-28a(+) E.

Understanding Mechanisms and Key Factors Influencing Melanogenesis for the Management of Melasma: An Updated Review.

Melanocytes are highly specialized dendritic cells that deliver melanin to keratinocytes in melanosomes, which are subcellular organelles where melanin is produced and stored. Mammal's skin, hair, and eyes all contain the complex pigment melanin, which gives them color and ultraviolet protection. Melanins have the potential to be free radical sinks and are strong cation chelators.

Therapeutic Expedition of Luteolin against Brain-related Disorders: An Updated Review.

Brain-related disorders include neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and demyelination, which ultimately affect the quality of life of patients. Currently, brain-related disorders represent the most challenging health problem worldwide due to complex pathogenesis and limited availability of drugs for their management. Further, the available pharmacotherapy accompanies serious side effects, therefore, much attention has been directed toward the development of alternative therapy derived from natural sources to treat such disorders.

Chemically Transformed Ag Te Nanowires on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane For Flexible Thermoelectric Applications.

Flexible thermoelectric devices of nanomaterials have shown a great potential for applications in wearable to remotely located electronics with desired shapes and geometries. Continuous powering up the low power flexible electronics is a major challenge. We are reporting a flexible thermoelectric module prepared from silver telluride (Ag Te) nanowires (NWs), which are chemically transformed from uniquely synthesized and scalable tellurium (Te) NWs.

Nuclear Factor Kappa B: A Nobel Therapeutic Target of FlavonoidsAgainst Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common brain-related neurodegenerative disorder, is comprised of several pathophysiological mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein, and synaptic loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. Misfolded alpha-synuclein, originating from damaged neurons, triggers a series of signaling pathways in both glial and neuronal cells. Activation of such events results in the production and expression of several proinflammatory cytokines via the activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.

Role of Astrogliosis in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Insights into Astrocytic Nrf2 Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target.

Recently, Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a remarkable burden on families and society with an acceleration of population aging having several pathological hallmarks such as dopaminergic neuronal loss of the substantia nigra pars compacta, α-synucleinopathy, neuroinflammation, autophagy, last but not the least astrogliosis. Astrocyte, star-shaped glial cells perform notable physiological functions in the brain through several molecular and cellular mechanisms including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. It has been well established that the downregulation of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD because it is a master regulator of cellular defense mechanism along with a regulator of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes gene expression.

Electrode Montage Induced Changes in Air-Conducted Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential.

Objectives: Stimulus and recording parameters are pivotal for shaping the ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP). In the last decade, several attempts were made to identify the optimum electrode placement site to improve the oVEMP responses. A vast majority of these found larger response amplitudes for alternate electrode montages like belly-tendon (BT), chin-referenced (CR), and/or sternum-referenced montages than the clinically used infra-orbital montage.

Pre-clinical Evidence-based Neuroprotective Potential of Naringin against Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology: A Comprehensive Review.

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are a group of progressive, chronic, and disabling disorders that are highly prevalent and the incidence is on a constant rise globally. Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders is hallmarked by cognitive impairment, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, cholinergic dysfunction, mitochondrial toxicity, and neurodegeneration. Available therapeutic agents only provide symptomatic relief and their use are limited due to serious side effects.