Microglial pyroptosis in neurological disorders: mechanistic crosstalk, metabolic triggers, and therapeutic frontiers.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by the progressive decline of neuronal structure and function, with neuroinflammation and neuronal death as key pathogenic features. Pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory kind of programmed cell death (PCD) facilitated by gasdermin (GSDM) proteins and inflammasome activation, has garnered significant attention among new mechanisms. The increased expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, frequently co-localized with misfolded protein aggregates, indicates a crucial involvement in the advancement of different NDDs.

TRX/TXNIP/miRs network in neuronal cells and TXNIP-targeted miRs modulate neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A review.

The purpose of this review is to explore the role of the thioredoxin (TRX)/TRX-interacting protein (TXNIP)/microRNAs (miRs) network in neuronal cells and the function of TXNIP-targeted miRs in regulating neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and mitochondria dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). The high TXNIP level activates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK-1) and trigger a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). The activation of these kinases contributes to the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein, a hallmark of PD.

Natural bioactive compounds as modulators of autophagy: A herbal approach to the management of neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Polyglutamine (polyQ), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease are a significant health concern that affects millions of people every year worldwide. The main pathological hallmark of various NDs is the formation of misfolded protein aggregation and accumulation of inclusion bodies. These protein aggregates are mainly responsible for producing toxic effects and initiating neuronal cell death, ultimately promoting various NDs.

Interplay between circadian rhythm, ageing and neurodegenerative disorder.

Circadian rhythm, as a homeostatic tool of biological life, plays a vital role in regulating human physiology, metabolism, endocrinology, and emotional and cognitive behaviour. A disrupted circadian rhythm, marked by age-related alterations such as decreased variation in sleep-wake patterns and instability in the timing of these patterns, can worsen age-related problems such as increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Advancing age is associated with anomalies in the redox balance, gradual alterations in physiological functions and deregulation of various metabolic pathways.

Decoding the molecular and cellular aspects of multiple sclerosis: From diagnosis to therapeutic strategies.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted, chronic neuroinflammatory condition of the central nervous system (CNS) marked by demyelination, gliosis, and axonal degradation. Despite the comprehensive investigation, the exact etiology remains unclear, requiring complex interactions among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental variables. This review highlights the pressing necessity to integrate emerging evidence connecting genetic predisposition, specifically HLA-DRB1*15:01 and over 200 non-HLA variants, with alterable environmental factors, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, vitamin D deficiency, smoking, obesity, and heavy metal exposure.

Deciphering the Neurotoxic Burden of Micro- and Nanoplastics: From Multi-model Experimental Evidence to Therapeutic Innovation.

The widespread production of plastic in all daily appliances and its poor non-biodegradable characteristics along with toxic plasticizers pose significant risks to human health, leading to several life-threatening conditions, including neurological illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Microplastics (MPs) (101 nm-5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (≤ 100 nm) infiltrate the human body via the respiratory system, digestive tract, and dermal absorption, resulting in the alteration of numerous biological and cellular processes, including apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, among others. The bioaccumulation of MPs and NPs disrupts the gut-brain axis, resulting in memory impairment, synapse malfunction, and ultimately cognitive deficits.

RETRACTED: Sibuh et al. The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Metabolism and Endocrinology. 2023, , 256.

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Biopiezoelectric-based nanomaterials; a promising strategy in cancer therapy.

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, continually prompting physicians and researchers to investigate safe and effective modalities for its treatment. Piezoelectric nanomaterial is a new class of material with enormous potential for the nanoscale and bidirectional conversion of mechanical strain into electric fields for cancer treatment. In response to ultrasound mechanical strain, a piezopotential and electric field is generated in the tumor microenvironment, which reduces the growth of cancer cells by catalyzing redox reactions and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species.

Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Relevance in Clinical Settings.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant concern that often goes overlooked, resulting from various factors such as traffic accidents, violence, military services, and medical conditions. It is a major health issue affecting people of all age groups across the world, causing significant morbidity and mortality. TBI is a highly intricate disease process that causes both structural damage and functional deficits.

The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotectin D1: Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Insights in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) has emerged as an integral lipid mediator with significant implications for maintaining neurological health. Being derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), NPD1 is a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM), consisting of a unique structure that attributes potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties crucial for maintaining nervous system homeostasis. It exerts its actions through diverse mechanisms, including the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, modulation of apoptosis, and promotion of cellular survival pathways.

Polypharmacology and Neuroprotective Effects of Gingerol in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that results in brain shrinkage and the death of brain cells. The search for new treatment agents with many targets is now crucial due to the insufficient effectiveness, and adverse effects, including pharmacokinetic issues of traditional AD medications. Although phytochemicals have anti-disease characteristics and thus are widely used and accepted by people, researchers have also determined some of their most beneficial functions.

Unlocking the Neuroprotective Potential of Silymarin: A Promising Ally in Safeguarding the Brain from Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders.

Medicinal plants and their phytochemicals have been extensively employed worldwide for centuries to address a diverse range of ailments, boasting a history that spans several decades. These plants are considered the source of numerous medicinal compounds. For instance, silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid extract obtained from the milk thistle plant or Silybum marianum which has been shown to have significant neuroprotective effects and great therapeutic benefits.

Isoproterenol mechanisms in inducing myocardial fibrosis and its application as an experimental model for the evaluation of therapeutic potential of phytochemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Cardiac injury initiates repair mechanisms and results in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, which appears to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen in the cardiac interstitium. Many experimental studies have demonstrated that fibrotic injury in the heart is reversible; therefore, it is vital to understand different molecular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis to enable the development of antifibrotic agents.

Unveiling the Involvement of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Possible Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.

Viruses pose a significant challenge and threat to human health, as demonstrated by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Neurodegeneration, particularly in the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is significantly influenced by viral infections. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that affects people of all ages and poses a significant threat to millions of individuals worldwide.

Therapeutic potential of agents targeting cannabinoid type 2 receptors in organ fibrosis.

The endocannabinoid system has garnered attention as a potential therapeutic target in a range of pathological disorders. Cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors responsible for transmitting intracellular signals triggered by both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids, including those derived from plants (phytocannabinoids) or manufactured synthetically (synthetic cannabinoids). Recent recognition of the role of CB2 receptors in fibrosis has fueled interest in therapeutic targeting of CB2 receptors in fibrosis.

Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Status and Future Directions.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. Immunotherapy aims to harness the immune system to target the underlying pathology of AD and has shown promise as a disease-modifying treatment for AD. By focusing on the underlying disease pathogenesis and encouraging the removal of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, immunotherapy shows promise as a potential treatment for AD.

Inflammatory signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanistic insights and possible therapeutic interventions.

The complex pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses challenges for the development of therapies. Recently, neuroinflammation has been identified as a key pathogenic mechanism underlying AD, while inflammation has emerged as a possible target for the management and prevention of AD. Several prior studies have demonstrated that medications modulating neuroinflammation might lessen AD symptoms, mostly by controlling neuroinflammatory signaling pathways such as the NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3, etc, and their respective signaling cascade.

Mentha aquatica (Water Mint) as a Source of Active Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Ingredients: A Critical Review.

Mentha aquatica L., or water mint, is an important member of the Mentha genus, and has long been used in traditional medicine, mainly to treat respiratory diseases such as the common cold. Nevertheless, although over the years many studies have shown that it's potential grows beyond this use, a review that highlights M.

α-Bisabolol: A Dietary Sesquiterpene that Attenuates Apoptotic and Nonapoptotic Cell Death Pathways by Regulating the Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Hippo Signaling Axis in Doxorubicin-Induced Acute Cardiotoxicity in Rats.

The potential for multiorgan toxicities is a significant barrier to the therapeutic use of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. With regard to DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats, the current investigation sought to assess the cardioprotective function of α-bisabolol (BSB) as well as the underlying pharmacological and molecular processes. Acute cardiotoxicity was induced in the rats by the intraperitoneal injection of DOX (12.

Exploring the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics: A Review of Current Insights and Applications.

The interplay between human health and the microbiome has gained extensive attention, with probiotics emerging as pivotal therapeutic agents due to their vast potential in treating various health issues. As significant modulators of the gut microbiota, probiotics are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and enhancing the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids. Despite extensive research over the past decades, there remains an urgent need for a comprehensive and detailed review that encapsulates probiotics' latest insights and applications.

Targeting Microglia in Neuroinflammation: H3 Receptor Antagonists as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Histamine performs dual roles as an immune regulator and a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The histaminergic system plays a vital role in the regulation of wakefulness, cognition, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis that are substantially disrupted in various neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists and inverse agonists potentiate the endogenous release of brain histamine and have been shown to enhance cognitive abilities in animal models of several brain disorders.