Test-retest performance of [ F]MK-6240 tau burden and relative delivery indices in cognitively normal older subjects using PET/MRI.

Accurate interpretation of quantitative positron emission tomography (PET)outcomes hinges on understanding the test-retest variability (T-RT).Previous studies of the tau-PET ligand [F]MK-6240 reported adequateT-RT performance of tau burden estimates over a short-term 21-day and over alonger-term 6-month T-RT period, primarily involving Alzheimer's disease(AD) and cognitively normal (CN) subjects, respectively. However, several T-RTcharacteristics have not yet been reported, particularly in older CN (oCN)subjects.

Optimizing contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI: A comparative study of deep learning and standard VIBE techniques.

Objective: To validate a deep learning (DL) reconstruction technique for faster post-contrast enhanced coronal Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination (VIBE) sequences and assess its image quality compared to conventionally acquired coronal VIBE sequences.

Methods: This prospective study included 151 patients undergoing clinically indicated upper abdominal MRI acquired on 3 T scanners. Two coronal T1 fat-suppressed VIBE sequences were acquired: a DL-reconstructed sequence (VIBE) and a standard sequence (VIBE).

Forecasting global progress in breast cancer control in the context of the sustainable development goals.

Introduction: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN-SDG) 3.4 aims to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases, including breast cancer, by one-third by 2030 relative to 2015. However, many countries, particularly those with lower income, appear off track.

Co-Development, Evaluation, and Dissemination of a Lung Cancer Screening Digital Outreach Intervention: A Multiphase Randomized Clinical Trial.

Purpose: Individuals from low-socioeconomic status (SES) communities experience worse lung cancer outcomes and multilevel barriers to lung cancer screening (LCS). Digital interventions may bridge LCS barriers. In this study, a three-phase design was used to rigorously develop, evaluate, and disseminate a digital outreach intervention to promote LCS among individuals from low-SES communities.

Gut dysbiosis in Down syndrome: A potentially unexplored culprit for early Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Gut dysbiosis has been found to play a role in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) but has not been explored in Down syndrome (DS), despite the strong relationship between DS and early AD. Here, we compared the gut microbiomes of 20 adults with DS, either cognitively stable or with mild cognitive impairment.

Methods: DNA from stool samples was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing.

Estimating the number of ≥100 mSv patients from CT, fluoroscopic guided interventions, and PET exams in 27 OECD countries.

Purpose: To estimate the number of patients in 27 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries receiving a cumulative effective dose (CED) ≥100 mSv from recurrent imaging in computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopic guided intervention (FGI), and positron emission tomography (PET) examinations.

Methods: CT and PET utilization and population data for 27 OECD countries were retrieved from a publicly available OECD 2022 report, and FGI utilization data from the European Commission 2015 Report. Data on the number of exams per patient of each modality and the prevalences of ≥100 mSv patients were extracted via a literature review and used to estimate the total number of imaging patients and ≥100 mSv patients in each country.

Impact of artificial intelligence assisted lesion detection on radiologists' interpretation at multiparametric prostate MRI.

Purpose: To compare prostate cancer lesion detection using conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted image interpretation at multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study of 53 consecutive patients who underwent prostate mpMRI and subsequent prostate tissue sampling was performed. Two board-certified radiologists (with 4 and 12 years of experience) blinded to the clinical information interpreted anonymized exams using the PI-RADS v2.

Assessing trends in patients undergoing recurrent CT examinations and cumulative doses.

Purpose: Recent research has enhanced our understanding of the number of patients receiving relatively high radiation doses (≥100 mSv) through recurrent CT examinations. However, there is a paucity of information on temporal trends. This study elucidates these trends over the past 11 years.

Increased Mechanical Index Improves Shear Wave Elastography: Pilot Study of Signal Enhancement.

Objective: Monitoring liver stiffness is essential for managing chronic liver disease, which poses a major public health challenge. Shear wave elastography (SWE), a non-invasive ultrasound-based technique, is commonly used to quantify liver stiffness. However, its performance can be compromised in individuals with higher body mass indices (BMIs) due to increased ultrasound absorption and distortion.

Structural pathways related to the subventricular zone are decreased in volume with altered microstructure in young adult males with autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by reduced social communication and repetitive behaviors. Altered neurogenesis, including disturbed neuronal migration, has been implicated in autism spectrum disorder. Using diffusion MRI, we previously identified neuronal migration pathways in the human fetal brain and hypothesized that similar pathways persist into adulthood, with differences in volume and microstructural characteristics between individuals with autism spectrum disorder and controls.

Preoperative Chest CT Myosteatosis Indicates Worse Postoperative Survival in Stage 0-IIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background Skeletal muscle density (SMD) and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) are myosteatosis markers. The prognostic value of myosteatosis markers in preoperative risk stratification of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. Purpose To assess whether increased myosteatosis markers at chest CT before lung resection of early-stage NSCLC are associated with and predictive of worse overall survival (OS).

Association of plasma neurofilament light chain with microstructural white matter changes in Down syndrome.

Introduction: Both micro- and macrostructural white matter (WM) abnormalities, particularly those related to axonal degeneration, are associated with cognitive decline in adults with Down syndrome (DS) prior to a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a support protein within myelinated axons released into blood following axonal damage. In this study we investigated cross-sectional relationships between WM microstructural changes as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and plasma NfL concentration in adults with DS without dementia.

Minimizing prostate diffusion weighted MRI examination time through deep learning reconstruction.

Purpose: To study the diagnostic image quality of high b-value diffusion weighted images (DWI) derived from standard and variably reduced datasets reconstructed with a commercially available deep learning reconstruction (DLR) algorithm.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective study of 52 patients undergoing conventional prostate MRI with raw image data reconstructed using both conventional 2D Cartesian and DLR algorithms. Simulated shortened DWI acquisition times were performed by reconstructing images using DLR datasets harboring a reduced number of excitations (NEX).

Multi-reader multiparametric DECT study evaluating different strengths of iterative and deep learning-based image reconstruction techniques.

Objectives: To perform a multi-reader comparison of multiparametric dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) images reconstructed with deep-learning image reconstruction (DLIR) and standard-of-care adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V).

Methods: This retrospective study included 100 patients undergoing portal venous phase abdominal CT on a rapid kVp switching DECT scanner. Six reconstructed DECT sets (ASIR-V and DLIR, each at three strengths) were generated.

Material density dual-energy CT images: value added in early diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis : Original research.

Objective: To assess the value of material density (MD) images generated from a rapid kilovoltage-switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT) in early detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC).

Materials And Methods: Thirty patients (60 ± 13 years; 24 women) with PC detected on multiple abdominal DECT scans were included. Four separate DECTs with varying findings of PC from each patient were used for qualitative/quantitative analysis, resulting in a total of 120 DECT scans (n = 30 × 4).

Functional hemodynamic imaging markers for the prediction of pathological outcomes in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Significance: Achieving pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a significant predictor of increased likelihood of survival in breast cancer patients. Early prediction of pCR is of high clinical value as it could allow personalized adjustment of treatment regimens in non-responding patients for improved outcomes.

Aim: We aim to assess the association between hemoglobin-based functional imaging biomarkers derived from diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and the pathological outcome represented by pCR at different timepoints along the course of NACT.

Multimodality Management of Thoracic Tumors: Initial Experience With a Multidisciplinary Thoracic Ablation Conference.

Background: This study aimed to describe lesion-specific management of thoracic tumors referred for consideration of image-guided thermal ablation (IGTA) at a newly established multidisciplinary ablation conference.

Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or thoracic metastases evaluated from June 2020 to January 2022 in a multidisciplinary conference. Outcomes included the management recommendation, treatments received (IGTA, surgical resection, stereotactic body radiation therapy [SBRT], multimodality management), and number of tumors treated per patient.

High-Frequency Jet Ventilation Versus Spontaneous Respiration for Percutaneous Cryoablation of Lung Tumors: Comparison of Adverse Events and Procedural Efficiency.

High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) facilitates accurate probe placement in percutaneous ablation of lung tumors but may increase risk for adverse events, including systemic air embolism. The purpose of this study was to compare major adverse events and procedural efficiency of percutaneous lung ablation with HFJV under general anesthesia to spontaneous respiration (SR) under moderate sedation. This retrospective study included consecutive adults who underwent CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of one or more lung tumors with HFJV or SR between January 1, 2017, and May 31, 2023.

[ 11 C]-PBR28 positron emission tomography signal as an imaging marker of joint inflammation in knee osteoarthritis.

Although inflammation is known to play a role in knee osteoarthritis (KOA), inflammation-specific imaging is not routinely performed. In this article, we evaluate the role of joint inflammation, measured using [ 11 C]-PBR28, a radioligand for the inflammatory marker 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), in KOA. Twenty-one KOA patients and 11 healthy controls (HC) underwent positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) knee imaging with the TSPO ligand [ 11 C]-PBR28.

Muscle Reference Values From Thoracic and Abdominal CT for Sarcopenia Assessment: The Framingham Heart Study.

Background: Loss of muscle mass is a known feature of sarcopenia and predicts poor clinical outcomes. Although muscle metrics can be derived from routine computed tomography (CT) images, sex-specific reference values at multiple vertebral levels over a wide age range are lacking.

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide reference values for skeletal muscle mass and attenuation on thoracic and abdominal CT scans in the community-based Framingham Heart Study cohort to aid in the identification of sarcopenia.

Differentiation of patients with and without prostate cancer using urine H NMR metabolomics.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men worldwide. For its detection, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is commonly used, despite its lack of specificity, high false positive rate, and inability to discriminate indolent from aggressive PCa. Following increases in serum PSA levels, clinicians often conduct prostate biopsies with or without advanced imaging.