Cannabidiol and microRNAs: shared cellular targets and new insights for developing anti-seizure modalities.

Cannabidiol (CBD) and 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are the two main components of cannabis that provide its therapeutic benefits. CBD has been extensively studied for its role in reducing seizures, among its many other uses. While the exact mechanisms by which CBD works to relieve seizures have not yet been fully determined, it is evident that CBD effectively diminishes seizure activity and is now being used as an approved treatment for severe forms of non-responsive epilepsy.

Comparative Efficacy of Interleukin-7 and -15 Blockade in Alleviating Experimental Chronic Uveitis and Suppressing Pathogenic Memory CD4+ T Cells.

Purpose: We have previously demonstrated the pathogenic function of memory CD4+ T cells, which express IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) and IL-15R, in experimental chronic autoimmune uveitis (CAU). Here, we aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of blocking IL-7 or IL-15 in CAU.

Methods: C57BL/6J mice were induced for CAU, then intraperitoneally injected with an anti-IL-7 antibody (Ab), an anti-IL-15 Ab, or an IgG control for 2 weeks.

Psilocin alleviates acute itch in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT2A receptors and kynurenine pathway.

We aimed to investigate whether psilocin, the bioactive metabolite of the well-known psychedelic, psilocybin, may have antipruritic effects in mice by interfering with the kynurenine pathway and interacting with 5-HT2A receptors. Eight mice were randomly assigned to each of the study groups receiving either normal saline, compound 48/80, psilocin (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), or psilocin (1 mg/kg) + 1-MT (0.

Dermatological Adverse Effects of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: A Systematic Review.

Ventriculoperitoneal (VPS) implantation provides immediate improvement in hydrocephalus management but is associated with complications such as infection, malfunction, and dermatological issues. We conducted a systematic review of studies examining adverse skin reactions related to VPS placement in patients of all ages. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from inception to April 2023 using Medical Subject Headings such as "ventriculoperitoneal shunt" and "skin diseases.

Lasmiditan ameliorates serotonergic itch in mice: Possible involvement of 5-HT1F receptors.

Previously, some allergic conditions involving pruritus have been linked to migraine, raising the possibility that migraine and itching may be governed by similar underlying mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of Lasmiditan, a highly selective agonist of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor and a recently approved medication for the treatment of migraine headaches, in ameliorating serotonergic itching. Forty animals were employed in the present study (n = 40).

Beyond the lungs: Exploring diverse applications of bromhexine and ambroxol.

The respiratory tract is commonly affected in multisystem disorders. Although many drugs have been developed to target various components of these diseases, there is still a need for effective treatments that can address both respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Bromhexine and ambroxol are mucolytic agents with a good safety profile that are widely used to treat respiratory conditions.

Social interactions and olfactory cues are required for contagious itch in mice.

The phenomenon of contagious itch, observed in both humans and rodents, remains a topic of ongoing debate concerning its modulators and underlying pathways. This study delves into the relationship between contagious itch and familiar olfactory cues, a non-visual factor contributing to this intriguing behavior. Our findings showed that contagious itch in observer mice occurs during physical interaction with the cagemate itch-demonstrator but not with a stranger demonstrator or in a non-physical encounter condition.

LRRK2; Communicative Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Overlapping.

Background: Involvement of gastrointestinal inflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and movement have progressively emerged. Inflammation is involved in the etiology of both PD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Transformations in leucine-rich recurrent kinase 2 (LRRK2) are among the best hereditary supporters of IBD and PD.

TLR/mTOR inflammatory signaling pathway: novel insight for the treatment of schizophrenia.

The Toll-like receptor (TLR)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in the intracellular regulation of protein synthesis, specifically the ones that mediate neuronal morphology and facilitate synaptic plasticity. The activity of TLR/mTOR signaling has been disrupted, leading to neurodevelopment and deficient synaptic plasticity, which are the main symptoms of schizophrenia. The TLR receptor activates the mTOR signaling pathway and increases the elevation of inflammatory cytokines.

Kynurenine pathway and its role in neurologic, psychiatric, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is of central importance for the immune function. It prevents hyperinflammation and induces long-term immune tolerance. Accumulating evidence also demonstrates cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of kynurenine pathway in conditions affecting either central or peripheral nervous system as well as other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells attenuate global hypoxia-induced learning and memory impairment via preventing blood-brain barrier breakdown.

Objectives: Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may improve the function and structure of blood-brain barrier (BBB), possibly by preserving the BBB integrity. This study examined the impact of Wharton's jelly (WJ)-MSCs on cognitive dysfunction and BBB disruption following a protracted hypoxic state.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly studied in four groups: Control (Co): Healthy animals, Sham (Sh): Rats were placed in the cage without hypoxia induction and with ICV injection of vehicle, Hypoxic (Hx)+vehicle: Hypoxic rats with ICV injection of vehicle (5 μl of PBS), and Hx+MSCs: Hypoxic rats with ICV injection of MSCs.

Therapeutic potential of infliximab for pruritus in mice model of cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation: Possible involvement of IL-31.

Background: Cholestatic pruritus is a distressful sensation that can cause a massive desire of scratching skin. Despite maximum medication therapy, some patients still experience pruritus. In this study, we evaluated the effect of infliximab on cholestatic pruritus induced in mice by bile duct ligation.

Statins: Beneficial Effects in Treatment of COVID-19.

The recent viral disease COVID-19 has attracted much attention. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-19 virus which has different variants and mutations. The mortality rate of SARS-CoV-19 is high and efforts to establish proper therapeutic solutions are still ongoing.

IDO/Kynurenine; novel insight for treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (ILs), interferons (INF-s), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are related to an extended chance of inflammatory diseases initiation or progression due to the over expression of the nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT), nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP), toll-like receptors (TLR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. These pathways are completely interconnected.

Orexin receptor antagonists in the pathophysiology and treatment of sleep disorders and epilepsy.

The correlation between sleep and epilepsy has been argued over the past decades among scientists. Although the similarities and contrasts between sleep and epilepsy had been considered, their intertwined nature was not revealed until the nineteenth century. Sleep is recognized as a recurring state of mind and body through alternating brain electrical activities.

Therapeutic potential of bromhexine for acute itch in mice: Involvement of TMPRSS2 and kynurenine pathway.

Itching is an unpleasant sensation on the skin that could negatively impact the quality of life. Over the years, many non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches have been introduced to mitigate this burdensome condition; However, the effectiveness of these methods remains questioned. Bromhexine, derived from the Adhatoda vasica plant, is a safe drug with minimal side effects.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treatment: The MTOR Regulatory Intervention.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary disorder affecting neurons and muscles, resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. Most SMA cases are diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, the most common inherited cause of infant mortality without treatment. Still, SMA might appear at older ages with milder symptoms.

Dapsone Protects Against Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats through Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Nitrergic Pathway.

Background And Purpose: Status epilepticus (SE) results in permanent neuronal brain damage in the central nervous system. One of the complex etiologies underlying SE pathogenesis is neuroinflammation. Dapsone has been recently considered as a potential neuroprotective agent in neuroinflammatory conditions.

The Possible Protective Effects of Ondansetron and Tropisetron on Optic Nerve Crush Injury in Rats.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of cyclosporine - a calcineurin inhibitor-, ondansetron, and tropisetron-5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonists-, on optic nerve crush (ONC) injury in rats. Moreover, underlying signaling activities of their beneficial neuroprotective effects were studied.

Methods: Adult male rats were treated with the intravitreal administration of cyclosporine (1.

Neuroprotective effects of Lasmiditan and Sumatriptan in an experimental model of post-stroke seizure in mice: Higher effects with concurrent opioid receptors or K channels inhibitors.

Background: Early post-stroke seizure frequently occurs in stroke survivors within the first few days and is associated with poor functional outcomes. Therefore, efficient treatments of such complications with less adverse effects are pivotal. In this study, we investigated the possible beneficial effects of lasmiditan and sumatriptan against post-stroke seizures in mice and explored underlying mechanisms in their effects.

A comprehensive insight into the anti-inflammatory properties of dapsone.

The 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), also known as dapsone, is traditionally used as a potent anti-bacterial agent in clinical management of leprosy. For decades, dapsone has been among the first-line medications used in multidrug treatment of leprosy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Shortly after dapsone's discovery as an antibiotic in 1937, the dual function of dapsone (anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory) was elucidated.

Pentylenetetrazole preconditioning attenuates severity of status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine in male rats: evaluation of opioid/NMDA receptors and nitric oxide pathway.

Background: Non-deleterious episodes of seizure preconditioning can efficiently increase the brain's resistance to the consequent severe status epilepticus (SE). In the present investigation, we intended to elucidate further (i) the effects of preconditioning with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in the lithium-pilocarpine model of SE in male rats, along with (ii) the possible contribution of opioid, N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and nitric oxide (NO) signaling transduction.

Methods: In male Wistar rats, the SE was incited by lithium administration (127 mg/kg, ip) 20 h before pilocarpine (60 mg/kg, ip).

Buspirone Ameliorates Colon Inflammation in TNBS-Induced Rat Acute Colitis: The Involvement of TLR4/NF-kB Pathway.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory situation involving the whole digestive system. This illness includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. According to scientific research, the immune system plays an essential part in developing this disease.

Cannabidiol Improves Random-Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rats: Involvement of Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptors.

Background:  One of the major complications associated with random-pattern skin flaps is distal necrosis. Cannabidiol (CBD) has recently gained much attention as a therapeutic anti-inflammatory agent. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CBD on the random-pattern skin flap survival (SFS) in rats and to explore the possible involvement of cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors.