Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Case Series.

causes ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) with potential retinal complications like rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), and retinal breaks (RB). While various management strategies exist, there is no universally accepted standard of care, and the most common combination procedure is scleral buckle (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and silicone oil. The purpose of this case series is to evaluate and discuss the risk factors, phenotypes, management, and outcomes of rhegmatogenous RRD in six eyes (five patients) with OT from retrospective chart review.

Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Recent advances highlight the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) and circulating hybrid cells (CHC) in UM tumorigenesis. Bridged with liquid biopsies, a novel technology that has shown incredible performance in detecting cancer cells or products derived from tumors in bodily fluids, it can significantly impact disease management and outcome.

An Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Measure as an Independent Estimate of Retinal Function in Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Background: With the clinical advances in the field of gene therapy, the development of objective measures of visual function of patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) is of utmost importance. Here, we propose one such measure.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from a cohort of 194 eyes of 97 genetically diagnosed patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most common IRD, followed at the UPMC Vision Institute.

OCT Angiography in Noninfectious Uveitis: A Description of Five Cases and Clinical Applications.

Background: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive imaging modality used to analyze the retinochoroidal vasculature and detect vascular flow. The resulting images can be segmented to view each vascular plexus individually. While fluorescein angiography is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of posterior uveitis, it has limitations, and can be replaced by OCTA in some cases.

The full range of ophthalmological clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Purpose: To determine the full range of ophthalmological clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to compare the systemic features associated with them.

Methods: Files of 13 patients with ocular SLE ( 20 eyes) diagnosed as per the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2012 revised criteria were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: The following clinical manifestations were found: keratoconjunctivitis sicca ( three patients), anterior uveitis associated with an inflammatory pseudo-tumor orbital mass ( one patient, one eye), episcleritis and periorbital edema ( one patient, two eyes), posterior scleritis ( one patient, two eyes), bilateral papillary edema in the context of idiopathic intracranial hypertension ( one patient, one eye), inflammatory optic neuritis ( one patient, one eye), and lupus retinopathies with varying degrees of capillary occlusions mainly arteriolar ( seven patients, 13 eyes) and larger arteries or veins (retinal arteries occlusions and retinal veins occlusions) ( one patient, two eyes).

Melphalan toxicity following treatment of retinoblastoma identified by pattern electroretinogram.

Purpose: To describe a patient with retinoblastoma and subsequent maculopathy unrelated to the tumor but related to intra-arterial melphalan documented by pattern electroretinography.

Methods: Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, treatment with intra-arterial chemotherapy and subsequent follow-up including electroretinography to assess for macular dysfunction.

Results: A 3-year-old child was evaluated with electrophysiological investigations following treatment of unilateral Group D retinoblastoma with intra-arterial and intravitreal chemotherapy with melphalan.

Bleb Associated Xen Gel Stent Endophthalmitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Purpose: To report a case of a unique late complication of the Xen gel stent, stent-related endophthalmitis was preceded by flattening of the bleb.

Case Report: A 63-year-old female was presented with late-onset endophthalmitis preceded by flattening of the bleb two years post-insertion of Xen gel stent. B-scan of the posterior chamber revealed vitritis and hyaloid condensation, with no viral, fungal, or bacterial pathologies identified on anterior chamber tap.

Macular atrophy in related Alagille syndrome: a case series.

Background: : Alagille syndrome (AS) is a multisystem disorder associated with a range of ocular anomalies affecting the anterior and posterior segments. While chorioretinal abnormalities have been reported in Alagille Syndrome, identification of macular dystrophy and detailed clinical and electrophysiologic descriptions are scarce.

Materials And Methods: : A retrospective review was conducted to identify patients with a diagnosis of AS and retinal disease who were evaluated in the Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus, and Adult Motility at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.

Current Choroidal Imaging Findings in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic/relevant imaging findings of CSCR.

Age-related macular degeneration masqueraders: From the obvious to the obscure.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide with increasing prevalence owing to increased life expectancy. Intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are commonly used in exudative AMD and oral antioxidant medication for nonexudative AMD; however, many disorders mimic exudative and nonexudative AMD, and misdiagnosis can seriously affect the management of these patients. We summarize the demographics and clinical and imaging characteristics of each of the conditions that masquerade as AMD.

Biomarkers for central serous chorioretinopathy.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common chorioretinal disease characterized by serous retinal detachment that most commonly involves the macular region. Although the natural history of the acute form shows a self-limiting course, a significant number of patients suffer from recurrent episodes leading to chronic disease, often leaving patients with residual visual impairment. Visual morbidity is often worsened by a delay in the diagnosis due to the incorrect understanding of the particular biomarkers of the disease.

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.

Unique optical coherence tomographic features in age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of blindness worldwide characterized by the presence of drusen and leading to retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal changes in advanced stages. Approximately 10% of eyes with age-related macular degeneration develop neovascular complications and present with retinal or sub-retinal pigment epithelium exudation, hemorrhage, or both. Recent advances in imaging techniques, especially optical coherence tomography (OCT), help in early identification of disease and guide various treatment decisions; however, not all signs are suggestive of ongoing exudation or neovascular activity.

Intraocular Dissemination of Uveal Melanoma Cells Following Radiotherapy: Evolving Management Over the Past Decade.

Background And Objective: To describe the presentation and the authors' evolving management strategy for intraocular dissemination of uveal melanoma cells following radiotherapy during the past decade.

Patients And Methods: Patients with uveal melanoma who developed intraocular dissemination of pigmented cells following radiotherapy. Histopathology was available in two cases.

Intraocular Metastasis in Unilateral Multifocal Uveal Melanoma Without Melanocytosis or Germline BAP1 Mutations.

Importance: There has been speculation on the pathogenesis of unilateral multifocal uveal melanoma, but there remains no convincing explanation. Genetic analysis suggests that unilateral multifocal uveal melanoma may represent intraocular metastasis with increased risk of systemic metastasis.

Objective: To evaluate the pathogenesis of unilateral multifocal uveal melanoma.

Dosimetric comparison of circular Eye Physics and Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study plaques to treat uveal melanoma.

Purpose: We sought to formally compare Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) and similar-shaped (circular) eye physics (EP) plaques dosimetrically by examining both tumor coverage and critical structure doses.

Methods And Materials: The plans of patients with uveal melanoma treated consecutively with eye plaque brachytherapy at a single institution from January 2016 to December 2017 were reviewed. Both a COMS plan and an EP plan using plaques of the same shape were generated for each patient using the Isoaid Plaque Simulator software such that >90% of the tumor + 2 mm margin received 85 Gy over 72 hours from iodine-125 sources.

Diagnosis of Bilateral Retinocytoma in an Adolescent Patient Using Multimodal Imaging and Genetic Testing.

A 12-year-old male presented for evaluation of asymptomatic bilateral retinal tumors. Both eyes contained whitish-gray retinal tumors with intralesional calcifications. Enhanced depth optical coherence tomography and high-resolution (20 MHz) ultrasonography narrowed the differentiation diagnosis to astrocytic hamartoma versus retinocytoma.

Are Risk Factors for Growth of Choroidal Nevi Associated With Malignant Transformation? Assessment With a Validated Genomic Biomarker.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that widely used clinical risk factors for growth of choroidal nevi are associated with malignant transformation.

Methods: Fine needle biopsy for assignment of gene expression profile (class 1 or class 2) was performed in 207 choroidal melanocytic tumors < 3.5 mm in thickness.

Persistent fetal vasculature presenting with axial elongation and platyphakia.

Leukocoria in children should always raise the concern for retinoblastoma. However, a variety of non-neoplastic conditions can also present with leukocoria, including persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), a nonhereditary, congenital anomaly caused by a failure of the fetal intraocular vasculature to regress during development. Classically PFV presents with features that make it easily distinguishable from retinoblastoma, including microphthalmia, retrolental fibrovascular membrane, central dragging of ciliary processes, and cataract.

Gene Expression Profiling and PRAME Status Versus Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging for Prognostication in Uveal Melanoma.

Purpose: To compare the prognostic accuracy of gene expression profiling (GEP) combined with PRAME status vs the clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging in patients with uveal melanoma (UM).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: The study included 240 consecutive patients with UM.