Carbon Balance of China-Made Wood Products Assessed Using a Trade-Linked Approach.

Harvested wood products (HWPs) contribute to forestry carbon removal and, therefore, to climate change mitigation. However, the complex international trade of raw wood materials and HWPs and the associated biogenic carbon conversion along the global supply chain are not properly accounted for in the existing HWP carbon accounting schemes, precluding effective climate policy design. To address the gap, we developed a generalizable Trade-Linked Approach to account for trade and the associated carbon stocks and emissions.

Drivers of global tourism carbon emissions.

Tourism has a critical role to play in global carbon emissions pathway. This study estimates the global tourism carbon footprint and identifies the key drivers using environmentally extended input-output modelling. The results indicate that global tourism emissions grew 3.

Interbasin trade worsens the state of freshwater fish biodiversity in China.

Human economic activities severely threaten freshwater fish biodiversity in different river basins. Trade makes the impact more mysterious and complex and confounds local efforts to protect freshwater biodiversity. To investigate the relationship between trade and freshwater fishes, we developed a river-basin economic transaction model that is applied to mainland China, home to 9% of the world's freshwater fish species.

Localized nitrogen management strategies can halve fertilizer use in Chinese staple crop production.

Nitrogen (N) management is the key to achieving food security and environmental sustainability. Here we analyse N flows using a localized N management model for wheat, maize and rice in 1,690 Chinese counties, with a breakdown of multiple reactive N (Nr) loss pathways. Results show that the total N input for producing these three staple crops in China was 22.

Carbon and social impacts in the EU's consumption of fossil and mineral raw materials.

Fossil and mineral raw materials cause unintended and detrimental environmental and social impacts via extraction, production and combustion processes. In this study, we analyse how consumer demand in the European Union (EU) drives environmental and social impacts in mining sectors worldwide. We employ multi-regional input-output analysis to quantify positive (i.

Nutritional, environmental and economic impacts of ultra-processed food consumption in Australia.

Objective: To quantify the full life cycle impacts of ultra-processed foods (UPF) for key environmental, economic and nutritional indicators to identify trade-offs between UPF contribution to broad-scope sustainability.

Design: Using 24-h dietary recalls along with an input-output database for the Australian economy, dietary environmental and economic impacts were quantified in this national representative cross-sectional analysis. Food items were classified into non-UPF and UPF using the NOVA system, and dietary energy contribution from non-UPF and UPF fractions in diets was estimated.

Impacts of climate change and extreme weather on food supply chains cascade across sectors and regions in Australia.

Disasters resulting from climate change and extreme weather events adversely impact crop and livestock production. While the direct impacts of these events on productivity are generally well known, the indirect supply-chain repercussions (spillovers) are still unclear. Here, applying an integrated modelling framework that considers economic and physical factors, we estimate spillovers in terms of social impacts (for example, loss of job and income) and health impacts (for example, nutrient availability and diet quality) resulting from disruptions in food supply chains, which cascade across regions and sectors.

Nutrient-sensitive approach for sustainability assessment of Australian macronutrient dietary recommendations.

Background: Dietary guidelines that form the basis for food and nutrition policies in most countries are focused mainly on the social dimensions of health. Efforts are needed to incorporate environmental and economic sustainability. As the dietary guidelines are formulated based on nutrition principles, understanding the sustainability of dietary guidelines in relation to nutrients could support the better incorporation of environmental and economic sustainability aspects into dietary guidelines.

Global Embodied Energy Flow and Stock Analysis with Endogeneous Fixed Capital.

Fixed capital stock functions as an embodied energy storage system that connects economic activities which do not happen simultaneously. This paper constructs a dynamic energy input-output model to analyze embodied energy flows and stocks along both temporal and spatial dimensions from 2000 to 2014. The results show that 2043 exajoule of embodied energy was stored in the global fixed capital stock in 2014, which was about three times the world's direct energy use.

Application of multi-region input-output analysis to examine biosecurity risks associated with the global shipping network.

The vast majority of globally traded cargo is transported via maritime shipping. Whilst in port for loading and unloading, these ships can pick up local marine organisms with internal ballast water or as external biofouling assemblages and subsequently move these to destination far beyond their natural ranges. Over the past decades, this mechanism has led to the establishment of hundreds of non-indigenous species (NIS) around global coastlines.

Carbon Emissions of the Tourism Telecoupling System: Theoretical Framework, Model Specification and Synthesis Effects.

The flows of people and material attributed to international tourism exert a major impact on the global environment. Tourism carbon emissions is the main indicator in this context. However, previous studies focused on estimating the emissions of destinations, ignoring the embodied emissions in tourists' origins and other areas.

The potential for indoor fans to change air conditioning use while maintaining human thermal comfort during hot weather: an analysis of energy demand and associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Background: Increasing air conditioner use for cooling indoor spaces has the potential to be a primary driver of global greenhouse gas emissions. Moving indoor air with residential fans can raise the temperature threshold at which air conditioning needs to be turned on to maintain the thermal comfort of building occupants. We investigate whether fans can be used to reduce air conditioner use and associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Nutrient-sensitive approach for sustainability assessment of different dietary patterns in Australia.

Background: Understanding the relation between sustainability and nutrients is important in devising healthy and sustainable diets. However, there are no prevailing methodologies to assess sustainability at the nutrient level.

Objectives: The aim was to examine and demonstrate the potential of integrating input-output analysis with nutritional geometry to link environmental, economic, and health associations of dietary scenarios in Australia with macronutrients.

Impacts of harmful algal blooms on marine aquaculture in a low-carbon future.

The IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C highlights the potential for dietary shifts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from livestock. Reductions in the consumption of terrestrial animal protein require increases in the consumption of other food categories, to maintain food security, balanced dietary patterns, and protein intake.

Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually.

Worldwide exposure to ambient PM causes over 4 million premature deaths annually. As most of these deaths are in developing countries, without internationally coordinated efforts this polarized situation will continue. As yet, however, no studies have quantified nation-to-nation consumer responsibility for global mortality due to both primary and secondary PM particles.

International spillover effects in the EU's textile supply chains: A global SDG assessment.

Successful implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires world countries to account for actions that inadvertently generate negative impacts on other countries. These actions/effects are called 'spillovers', and can hinder a country's SDG progress. In this work, we analyse negative social spillover effects, focussing specifically on the occupational health and safety aspects of workers in textile supply chains.

1.5 °C degrowth scenarios suggest the need for new mitigation pathways.

1.5  °C scenarios reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) rely on combinations of controversial negative emissions and unprecedented technological change, while assuming continued growth in gross domestic product (GDP). Thus far, the integrated assessment modelling community and the IPCC have neglected to consider degrowth scenarios, where economic output declines due to stringent climate mitigation.

Implications for farmers of measures to reduce sugars consumption.

Objective: To estimate the impact of reduced consumption of free sugars in line with World Health Organization recommendations, on sugar farmers globally.

Methods: Using multiregion input-output analysis, we estimated the proportional impact on production volumes of a 1% reduction in free sugars consumption by the public. We extracted data on sugar production from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database for the top 15 sugar-cane- and beet-producing countries globally, and created a custom multiregion input-output database to assess the proportions of production going to human consumption, drawing on household expenditure surveys and national input-output databases (data valid for years 2000-2015).

Forest Tax Payment Responsibility from the Forest Service Footprint Perspective.

It has been observed that market failure has hampered the development of sustainable forest ecosystem services such as CO absorption and fixation, water retention, and biodiversity. One of the reasons for this is that the link between forest land use and the beneficiaries of that use has not been widely recognized or clearly established. To address this problem, we conducted a footprint analysis to clarify the linkage between Japanese taxpayers as the beneficiaries of forest land use and the use of tax revenue and monetary donations for forest management.