Synthesis of phospholipid vesicles using an electrokinetic turbulent microreactor.

Microfluidic-based material synthesis is uniquely suited for the fabrication of reproducible and controllable products due to the highly controlled reaction environments in microscale dimensions. With many passive and active micromixers emerging for the on-chip material synthesis needs, the use of electrokinetic driven fluid to form turbulence actuation is yet an unexplored technique with much-unrealized potential. In this study, we used an electrokinetic turbulent micromixer for the controllable synthesis of phospholipid vesicles by nanoprecipitation.

A Discussion on the Critical Electric Rayleigh Number for AC Electrokinetic Flow of Binary Fluids in a Divergent Microchannel.

Electrokinetic (EK) flow is a type of flow driven or manipulated by electric body forces, influenced by various factors such as electric field intensity, electric field form, frequency, electric permittivity/conductivity, fluid viscosity, etc. The diversity of dimensionless parameters, such as the electric Rayleigh number, complicates the comparison of the EK flow stability. Consequently, comparing the performance and cost of micromixers or reactors based on EK flow is challenging, posing an obstacle to their industrial and engineering applications.

The CsTM alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid by interacting with CsTIP1;1 in cucumber.

The multicellular trichomes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) serve as the primary defense barrier against external factors, whose impact extends beyond plant growth and development to include commercial characteristics of fruits. The aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) is one of prominent pests in cucumber cultivation.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Hard and Tender Fruit Spines of Cucumber to Identify Genes Involved in the Morphological Development of Fruit Spines.

The spines of cucumber fruit not only have important commercial value but are also a classical tissue to study cell division and differentiation modes of multicellular trichomes. It has been reported that (C-type Lectin receptor-like kinase) can influence the development of fruit spines. In this study, we took a pair of cucumber materials defined as hard (Ts, wild type) and tender spines (, mutant) and defined the developmental process of fruit spines as consisting of four stages (stage I to stage IV) by continuously observing by microscope and SEM.