Lifetime Cannabis Use and Incident Hypertension: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Background: Observational evidence investigating associations between cannabis use and hypertension is inconsistent.

Methods: The association between cumulative lifetime cannabis use (cannabis-years) and incident hypertension was examined over 35 years in a sample of CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) participants free of hypertension at baseline. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting were used to adjust for potential time-dependent confounding and censoring.

Trajectories of Physical Activity Before and After Cardiovascular Disease Events in CARDIA Participants.

Importance: Moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) is essential for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but long-term patterns around CVD events remain underexplored.

Objective: To evaluate MVPA trajectories across adulthood, pre-CVD and post-CVD changes, and demographic variations.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Data were drawn from CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), a prospective study initiated in 1985-1986 with up to 10 MVPA assessments through 2020-2022.

Association of Race With Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Failure, and Stroke.

Background: In prior studies of cumulative risk factor exposure, self-identified race was independently associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). A recent study suggests clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors explain racial differences. We used propensity score matching to study race as an independent incident CVD risk factor.

Longitudinal changes in circulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate in women over the menopause transition compared to men: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Objective: The menopause transition is a period of accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD) development in women, and sex differences in CVD incidence are reduced after menopause. Higher plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels are also associated with greater CVD risk. Thus, we examined the changes in cGMP levels associated with the menopause transition.

Predictors of plasma HDL-C concentrations in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

HDL-C is an established risk marker for coronary heart disease. We investigated sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric/physiologic, and other predictors of HDL-C over 30 years of follow-up in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a multicenter, longitudinal cohort with a baseline exam in 1985-86 and follow-up exams at least every five years through 2016. During exams, participants completed various questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and blood collection.

Associations of cannabis use and body mass index-The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Background: With increasing use of cannabis, we need to know if cannabis use and Body Mass Index (BMI) are associated.

Methods: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study followed Black and White adults over 30 years with assessments every 2 to 5 years in four centers in the USA. We assessed self-reported current and computed cumulative cannabis exposure at every visit, and studied associations with BMI, adjusted for relevant covariables in mixed longitudinal models.

Effect of Dietary Sodium on Blood Pressure: A Crossover Trial.

Importance: Dietary sodium recommendations are debated partly due to variable blood pressure (BP) response to sodium intake. Furthermore, the BP effect of dietary sodium among individuals taking antihypertensive medications is understudied.

Objectives: To examine the distribution of within-individual BP response to dietary sodium, the difference in BP between individuals allocated to consume a high- or low-sodium diet first, and whether these varied according to baseline BP and antihypertensive medication use.

Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity, Television Viewing, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The CARDIA Study.

Background: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in U.S. adults is over 30%, yet the role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of NAFLD remains understudied.

Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Introduction-Oxidative stress is linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is suggested to vary by sex. However, few population-level studies have explored these associations and the majority comprise populations with advanced CVD. We assessed urinary isoprostane concentrations, a standard measure of oxidative stress, in a relatively young and healthy cohort, hypothesizing that higher oxidative stress is associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile and female sex.

Association of Incident Cardiovascular Disease With Time Course and Cumulative Exposure to Multiple Risk Factors.

Background: The quantitative relationship of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) to lifetime cumulative risk factor exposure is not well understood.

Objectives: Using CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study data, we examined the quantitative associations of cumulative exposure over time to multiple, simultaneously operating risk factors with CVD incidence and the incidence of its components.

Methods: Regression models were developed quantifying the influence of the time course and severity of multiple CVD risk factors, operating simultaneously, on risk of incident CVD.

Analysis of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Early Adulthood and Midlife With All-Cause Mortality and Fatal or Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease.

Importance: Optimizing cardiovascular fitness is a prevention strategy against premature death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Since this evidence has largely been established in older populations, the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness during earlier periods of adulthood remains unclear.

Objective: To examine the association of early-adulthood cardiorespiratory fitness and percentage of early-adulthood cardiorespiratory fitness retained during midlife with subsequent risk of all-cause mortality and CVD-related morbidity and mortality overall as well as by sex and race.

Multivariate longitudinal data for survival analysis of cardiovascular event prediction in young adults: insights from a comparative explainable study.

Background: Multivariate longitudinal data are under-utilized for survival analysis compared to cross-sectional data (CS - data collected once across cohort). Particularly in cardiovascular risk prediction, despite available methods of longitudinal data analysis, the value of longitudinal information has not been established in terms of improved predictive accuracy and clinical applicability.

Methods: We investigated the value of longitudinal data over and above the use of cross-sectional data via 6 distinct modeling strategies from statistics, machine learning, and deep learning that incorporate repeated measures for survival analysis of the time-to-cardiovascular event in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort.

Dietary metabolic signatures and cardiometabolic risk.

Aims: Observational studies of diet in cardiometabolic-cardiovascular disease (CM-CVD) focus on self-reported consumption of food or dietary pattern, with limited information on individual metabolic responses to dietary intake linked to CM-CVD. Here, machine learning approaches were used to identify individual metabolic patterns related to diet and relation to long-term CM-CVD in early adulthood.

Methods And Results: In 2259 White and Black adults (age 32.

Physical activity from young adulthood to middle age and premature cardiovascular disease events: a 30-year population-based cohort study.

Background: Although physical activity is generally protective of cardiovascular disease (CVD), less is known about how young adult physical activity relates to premature CVD events. The objective of this study was to determine the association between level and change in physical activity from young adulthood to middle age and incidence of premature CVD events before age 60.

Methods: We analyzed data collected across four urban sites from nine visits over 30 years of follow-up (1985-2016) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a prospective community-based cohort study of 5115 Black and White women and men aged 18-30 years at baseline (1985-1986).

Blood-Based Fingerprint of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Long-Term Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood.

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness is a powerful predictor of health outcomes that is currently underused in primary prevention, especially in young adults. We sought to develop a blood-based biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness that is easily translatable across populations. Methods and Results Maximal effort cardiopulmonary exercise testing for quantification of cardiorespiratory fitness (by peak oxygen uptake) and profiling of >200 metabolites at rest were performed in the FHS (Framingham Heart Study; 2016-2019).

Factors Associated with Age-Related Declines in Cardiorespiratory Fitness from Early Adulthood Through Midlife: CARDIA.

Purpose: This study aimed to describe maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness from early adulthood to midlife and examine differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr and changes in fitness overtime by subcategories of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors.

Methods: Data include 5018 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants (mean (SD) age, 24.8 (3.

Oxidative Stress and Menopausal Status: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Cohort Study.

Low endogenous estrogen concentrations after menopause may contribute to higher oxidative stress and greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, differences in oxidative stress between similarly aged premenopausal and postmenopausal women are not well-characterized on a population level. We hypothesized that urinary isoprostane concentrations, a standard measure of systemic oxidative stress, are higher in women who have undergone menopause compared to premenopausal women.

Associations of Clinical and Social Risk Factors With Racial Differences in Premature Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: Racial differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) are likely related to differences in clinical and social factors. The relative contributions of these factors to Black-White differences in premature CVD have not been investigated.

Methods: In Black and White adults aged 18 to 30 years at baseline in the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), the associations of clinical, lifestyle, depression, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors across young adulthood with racial differences in incident premature CVD were evaluated in sex-stratified, multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models using multiply imputed data assuming missing at random.

Circulating metabolite profile in young adulthood identifies long-term diabetes susceptibility: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this work was to define metabolic correlates and pathways of diabetes pathogenesis in young adults during a subclinical latent phase of diabetes development.

Methods: We studied 2083 young adults of Black and White ethnicity in the prospective observational cohort Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (mean ± SD age 32.1 ± 3.

Characteristics associated with early- vs. later-onset adult diabetes: The CARDIA study.

Aims: Differences in risk profiles for individuals with early- (<40 years old) vs. later-onset (≥40 years old) diabetes were examined.

Methods: A nested case-comparison study design using 30-year longitudinal data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study was used.

Long-term cumulative blood pressure in young adults and incident heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: The CARDIA study.

Aims: Cumulative blood pressure (BP) is a measure that incorporates the severity and duration of BP exposure. The prognostic significance of cumulative BP in young adults for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in comparison to BP severity alone is, however, unclear.

Methods And Results: We investigated 3667 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants who attended six visits over 15 years (year-0 (1985-1986), year-2, year-5, year-7, year-l0, and year-15 exams).

Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity from young adulthood to middle age and metabolic disease: a 30-year population-based cohort study.

Objectives: To determine the association between moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) trajectories (course over age and time) through the adult life course and onset of metabolic disease (diabetes and dyslipidaemia).

Methods: We analysed prospective community-based cohort data of 5115 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, who were black and white men and women aged 18-30 years at baseline (1985-1986) at four urban sites, collected through 30 years of follow-up. Individualised MVPA trajectories were developed for each participant using linear mixed models.