Students' and educators' perceptions of clinical academic pathways in the UK: a qualitative study.

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the experiences and perceptions of medical students and medical educators regarding barriers and facilitators for pursuing clinical academic pathways.

Design: A qualitative study using semistructured interviews and focus groups was conducted. A reflexive thematic analysis was used for data analysis.

Gut Microbiota Profiles in Myopes and Nonmyopes.

Purpose: To identify compositional differences in the gut microbiome of nonmyopes (NM) and myopes using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and to investigate whether the microbiome may contribute to the onset or progression of the condition.

Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 52 adult participants, of whom 23 were NM, 8 were progressive myopes (PM), and 21 were stable myopes (SM). The composition of the gut microbiota in each group was analysed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.

Experiences of the clinical academic pathway: a qualitative study in Greater Manchester to improve the opportunities of minoritised clinical academics.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators faced by clinical academics (CAs) in the Greater Manchester region, with particular attention to the experiences of minoritised groups.

Design: A qualitative study using semistructured interviews and focus groups was conducted. A reflexive thematic analysis was applied to identify key themes.

UK Optometrists' Professional Learning Needs Toward Engaging with Myopia Control Interventions.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the support that UK optometrists feel they require to facilitate their engagement with myopia control intervention.

Methods: A self-administered online survey was distributed via QualtricsXM to practising optometrists in the UK via email lists and newsletters of local optical committees, social media, and optometric networks. Questions focussed on learning styles, training needs and barriers to learning.

Multiple segment spectacle lenses for myopia control. Part 2: Impact on myopia progression.

Purpose: Initial studies have suggested that multiple segment (MS) spectacle lenses can reduce the progression rate of childhood myopia and axial eye growth. This paper aimed to compare the effectiveness of two different available designs of MS lens and to explore the nature of their control effect.

Method: Published data from the only two clinical trials in which changes in mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) for matched groups of myopic children wearing either MS or single-vision (SV) spectacle corrections, recorded over a period of at least 2 years, were further analysed and compared.

Multiple segment spectacle lenses for myopia control. Part 1: Optics.

Purpose: To understand and compare the optics of two multiple segment (MS) spectacle lenses (Hoya MiyoSmart and Essilor Stellest) designed to inhibit myopia progression in children.

Methods: The optics of the two designs are presented, together with geometrical optics-based calculations to understand the impact of the lenses on the optics of the eye. Lenses were evaluated with three techniques: surface images, Twyman-Green interferometry and focimetry.

Associations between Accommodative Facility, Age, and Refractive Errors in Early, Older Adolescent Myopes and Emmetropes.

Background: Accommodative functions are known to differ between myopes and emmetropes. It is not known whether accommodative facility differs at near between younger adolescent and older adolescent myopes and emmetropes.

Aim: To examine whether accommodative facility differs at near between younger and older adolescent myopes and emmetropes.

Corneal Densitometry to Assess the Corneal Cystine Deposits in Patients With Cystinosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of corneal densitometry measurements obtained with Scheimpflug imaging in estimating the corneal changes caused by cystine deposits in the cornea in patients with cystinosis.

Methods: Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam) was performed for 14 patients with cystinosis and 16 age-matched controls. Pentacam data were used for analysis of the corneal densitometry at different zones in the cornea for patients with cystinosis and controls.

Corneal biomechanical properties following corneal cross-linking: Does age have an effect?

Purpose: To explore the effect of age on corneal biomechanical properties following corneal cross-linking (CXL).

Methods: A total of 12 pairs of human eye-banked corneas (24 corneas, from 14 females and 10 males) were used in the study. The mean donor age was 48.

Flitcroft's model of refractive development in childhood and the possible identification of children at risk of developing significant myopia.

Purpose: To better understand juvenile myopia in the context of overall refractive development during childhood and to suggest more informative ways of analysing relevant data, particularly in relation to early identification of those children who are likely to become markedly myopic and would therefore benefit from myopia control.

Methods: Examples of the frequency distributions of childhood mean spherical refractive errors (MSEs) at different ages, taken from previously-published longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, are analysed in terms of Flitcroft's model of a linear combination of two Gaussian distributions with different means and standard deviations. Flitcroft hypothesises that one, relatively-narrow, Gaussian (Mode 1) represents a "regulated" population which maintains normal emmetropisation and the other, broader, Gaussian (Mode 2) a "dysregulated" population.

IMI Accommodation and Binocular Vision in Myopia Development and Progression.

The role of accommodation in myopia development and progression has been debated for decades. More recently, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in accommodation and the consequent alterations in ocular parameters has expanded. This International Myopia Institute white paper reviews the variations in ocular parameters that occur with accommodation and the mechanisms involved in accommodation and myopia development and progression.

Effect of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Spectacle Lens Wear on Visual Function in Myopic Chinese Children.

Purpose: To compare visual function of myopic children who had worn either defocus incorporated multiple segment (DIMS) spectacle lenses or single vision (SV) spectacle lenses over two years.

Methods: We included 160 Chinese myopic (-1 diopter [D] to -5 D) children aged 8 to 13 years in a randomized clinical trial; they wore either DIMS lenses (DIMS; = 79) or regular SV spectacles lenses ( = 81) full time for 2 years. Visual function, including high-contrast visual acuity (VA) and low-contrast VA at distance and near, binocular functions, and accommodation, before, during, and after 2 years of spectacle wear were assessed when both groups wore SV corrections.

Next-Generation Sequencing of the Ocular Surface Microbiome: In Health, Contact Lens Wear, Diabetes, Trachoma, and Dry Eye.

Objectives: To assess publications examining the occurrence, composition, and clinical significance of a microbiome at the ocular surface.

Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched. Reference lists of included articles were also searched for relevant citations.

Factors Influencing Pseudo-Accommodation-The Difference between Subjectively Reported Range of Clear Focus and Objectively Measured Accommodation Range.

The key determinants of the range of clear focus in pre-presbyopes and their relative contributions to the difference between subjective range of focus and objective accommodation assessments have not been previously quantified. Fifty participants (aged 33.0 ± 6.

Impact of higher-order aberrations on depth-of-field.

It is well known that depth-of-focus (DOF) is influenced by optical factors (such as pupil size and monochromatic aberrations). However, neural factors such as blur sensitivity and defocus adaptation may play an important role on the extent of DOF. A series of experiments were conducted to study if optical or neural factors are most pertinent in explaining the variability of DOF across subjects.

Accommodation and age-dependent eye model based on in vivo measurements.

Purpose: To develop a flexible model of the average eye that incorporates changes with age and accommodation in all optical parameters, including entrance pupil diameter, under photopic, natural, environmental conditions.

Methods: We collated retrospective in vivo measurements of all optical parameters, including entrance pupil diameter. Ray-tracing was used to calculate the wavefront aberrations of the eye model as a function of age, stimulus vergence and pupil diameter.

Mean shape of the human limbus.

Purpose: To characterize the mean topographic shape of the limbus of a normal human eye and determine whether it depends on age or refractive power.

Setting: University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Design: Prospective case series.

Scleral changes with accommodation.

Purpose: To assess whether the sclera changes its shape during accommodation, quantify those changes and ascertain whether they depend on age and refractive power.

Methods: Twenty-two subjects, aged between 19 and 84 years old were recruited for the study. Young subjects were grouped according to their refractive power as emmetropes (seven subjects) and myopes (seven subjects).