Meal-feeding promotes skeletal growth by ghrelin-dependent enhancement of growth hormone rhythmicity.

The physiological effect of ultradian temporal feeding patterns remains a major unanswered question in nutritional science. We have used automated and nasogastric feeding to address this question in male rodents and human volunteers. While grazing and meal-feeding reduced food intake in parallel (compared with ad libitum-fed rodents), body length and tibial epiphysial plate width were maintained in meal-fed rodents via the action of ghrelin and its receptor, GHS-R.

Physiological rhythms and metabolic regulation: Shining light on skeletal muscle.

Metabolic regulation is essential for maintaining homeostasis in response to fluctuating dietary nutrient availability. In this review, we explore how metabolic health can be affected by the temporal alignment between daily behavioural patterns (e.g.

Does intermittent nutrition enterally normalise hormonal and metabolic responses to feeding in critically ill adults? A protocol for the DINE-Normal proof-of-concept randomised parallel-group study.

Introduction: Over half of patients who spend >48 hours in the intensive care unit (ICU) are fed via a nasogastric (NG) tube. Current guidance recommends continuous delivery of feed throughout the day and night. Emerging evidence from healthy human studies shows that NG feeding in an intermittent pattern (rather than continuous) promotes phasic hormonal, digestive and metabolic responses that are important for effective nutrition.

Circadian rhythms, feeding patterns and metabolic regulation: implications for critical care.

Endogenous biological rhythms synchronise human physiology with daily cycles of light-dark, wake-sleep and feeding-fasting. Proper circadian alignment is crucial for physiological function, reflected in the rhythmic expression of molecular clock genes in various tissues, especially in skeletal muscle. Circadian disruption, such as misaligned feeding, dysregulates metabolism and increases the risk of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes.

Characterizing 24-Hour Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Alongside Metabolic and Endocrine Responses Under Diurnal Conditions.

Context: Skeletal muscle plays a central role in the storage, synthesis, and breakdown of nutrients, yet little research has explored temporal responses of this human tissue, especially with concurrent measures of systemic biomarkers of metabolism.

Objective: To characterize temporal profiles in skeletal muscle expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, circadian clocks, and autophagy and descriptively relate them to systemic metabolites and hormones during a controlled laboratory protocol.

Methods: Ten healthy adults (9M/1F, [mean ± SD] age 30 ± 10 years; BMI 24.

Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in Human Physiology Research-Should We Control the Controllables?

The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting.

Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in human physiology research-should we control the controllables?

The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting.

Substituting Carbohydrate at Lunch for Added Protein Increases Fat Oxidation During Subsequent Exercise in Healthy Males.

Context: How pre-exercise meal composition influences metabolic and health responses to exercise later in the day is currently unclear.

Objective: Examine the effects of substituting carbohydrate for protein at lunch on subsequent exercise metabolism, appetite, and energy intake.

Methods: Twelve healthy males completed 3 trials in randomized, counterbalanced order.

Glycaemic variability, assessed with continuous glucose monitors, is associated with diet, lifestyle and health in people without diabetes.

Background: Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) provide high-frequency information regarding daily glucose variation and are recognised as effective for improving glycaemic control in individuals living with diabetes. Despite increased use in individuals with non-diabetic blood glucose concentrations (euglycemia), their utility as a health tool in this population remains unclear.

Objectives: To characterise variation in time in range (TIR) and glycaemic variability in large populations without diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance; describe associations between CGM-derived glycaemic metrics and metabolic and cardiometabolic health traits; identify key diet and lifestyle factors associated with TIR and glycaemic variability.

Whey Protein-Enriched and Carbohydrate-Rich Breakfasts Attenuate Insulinemic Responses to an ad libitum Lunch Relative to Extended Morning Fasting: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Background: Typical breakfast foods are rich in carbohydrate, so they not only elevate blood glucose during the morning, but also elicit a second-meal effect that can attenuate blood glucose responses in the afternoon.

Objectives: To determine whether a reduced-carbohydrate protein-enriched breakfast can elicit similar effects on glucose control later in the day but without hyperglycemia in the morning.

Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy men and women (age 22 ± 2 y, BMI 24.

Adipocyte hypertrophy in mesenchymal stem cells from infants of mothers with obesity.

Objective: Fat content of adipocytes derived from infant umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) predicts adiposity in children through 4 to 6 years of age. This study tested the hypothesis that MSCs from infants born to mothers with obesity (Ob-MSCs) exhibit adipocyte hypertrophy and perturbations in genes regulating adipogenesis compared with MSCs from infants of mothers with normal weight (NW-MSCs).

Methods: Adipogenesis was induced in MSCs embedded in three-dimensional hydrogel structures, and cell size and number were measured by three-dimensional imaging.

Nutrient timing and metabolic regulation.

Daily (circadian) rhythms coordinate our physiology and behaviour with regular environmental changes. Molecular clocks in peripheral tissues (e.g.

Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to ingestion of protein with increasing doses of milk minerals rich in calcium.

A high dose of whey protein hydrolysate fed with milk minerals rich in calcium (Capolac®) results in enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations in lean individuals; however, the effect of different calcium doses ingested alongside protein is unknown. The present study assessed the dose response of calcium fed alongside 25 g whey protein hydrolysate on GLP-1 concentrations in individuals with overweight/obesity. Eighteen adults (mean ± sd: 8M/10F, 34 ± 18 years, 28·2 ± 2·9 kgm-2) completed four trials in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals a Unique Monocyte Population in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells of Mice Challenged With Afghanistan Particulate Matter and Allergen.

Upon returning from deployment to Afghanistan, a substantial number of U.S. military personnel report deployment-related lung disease (DRLD) symptoms, including those consistent with an asthma-like airways disease.

Interactive effects of acute exercise and carbohydrate-energy replacement on insulin sensitivity in healthy adults.

This study investigated whether carbohydrate-energy replacement immediately after prolonged endurance exercise attenuates insulin sensitivity the following morning, and whether exercise improves insulin sensitivity the following morning of an exercise-induced carbohydrate deficit. Oral glucose tolerance and whole-body insulin sensitivity were compared the morning after 3 evening conditions, involving (1) treadmill exercise followed by a carbohydrate replacement drink (200 or 150 g maltodextrin for males and females, respectively; ); (2) treadmill exercise followed by a non-caloric, taste-matched placebo (); or (3) seated rest with no drink provided (). Treadmill exercise involved 90 minutes at ∼80% age-predicted maximum heart rate.

Unacylated ghrelin, leptin, and appetite display diurnal rhythmicity in lean adults.

Constant routine and forced desynchrony protocols typically remove the effects of behavioral/environmental cues to examine endogenous circadian rhythms, yet this may not reflect rhythms of appetite regulation in the real world. It is therefore important to understand these rhythms within the same subjects under controlled diurnal conditions of light, sleep, and feeding. Ten healthy adults (9 M/1 F, means ±SD: age, 30 ± 10 yr; body mass index, 24.

Placental Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling, PGC-1α, and Inflammatory Pathways Are Associated With Metabolic Outcomes at 4-6 Years of Age: The ECHO Healthy Start Cohort.

An adverse intrauterine environment is associated with the future risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Changes in placental function may underpin the intrauterine origins of adult disease, but longitudinal studies linking placental function with childhood outcomes are rare. Here, we determined the abundance and phosphorylation of protein intermediates involved in insulin signaling, inflammation, cortisol metabolism, protein glycosylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis in placental villus samples from healthy mothers from the Healthy Start cohort.

Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Umbilical Cord Blood DNA Methylation, and Cardio-Metabolic Indicators in Newborns: The Healthy Start Study.

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent chemicals widely detected in women of reproductive age. Prenatal PFAS exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes in children. We hypothesized that DNA methylation changes may result from prenatal PFAS exposure and may be linked to offspring cardio-metabolic phenotype.

The effects of glucose-fructose co-ingestion on repeated performance during a day of intensified rugby union training in professional academy players.

This study assessed the effects of glucose-fructose co-ingestion during recovery from high-intensity rugby training on subsequent performance. Nine professional, senior academy Rugby Union players performed two trials in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Identical rugby training sessions were separated by a 3-hour recovery period, during which participants ingested protein (0.

Qualitative Differences Between the IFNα subtypes and IFNβ Influence Chronic Mucosal HIV-1 Pathogenesis.

The Type I Interferons (IFN-Is) are innate antiviral cytokines that include 12 different IFNα subtypes and IFNβ that signal through the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR), inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that comprise the 'interferome'. Quantitative differences in IFNAR binding correlate with antiviral activity, but whether IFN-Is exhibit qualitative differences remains controversial. Moreover, the IFN-I response is protective during acute HIV-1 infection, but likely pathogenic during the chronic stages.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Heterogeneity in Body Mass Responses Between Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets.

Objective: An important notion in personalized medicine is that there is clinically relevant treatment response heterogeneity. Low-carbohydrate (CHO) and low-fat diets are widely adopted to reduce body mass. To compare individual differences in responses between two dietary interventions, a formal statistical comparison of response variances between study arms in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is crucial.

Nocturnal whey protein ingestion impairs post-prandial glucose tolerance at breakfast.

Poor post-prandial glucose control is a risk factor for multiple health conditions. The second-meal effect refers to the progressively improved glycaemic control with repeated feedings, an effect which is achievable with protein ingestion at the initial eating occasion. The most pronounced glycaemic response each day therefore typically occurs following breakfast, so the present study investigated whether ingesting protein during the night could improve glucose control at the first meal of the day.