Physical activity substitution: An overlooked constraint on energy expenditure during exercise and physical activity interventions.

Aims: When exercise is prescribed, the new exercise could 'substitute' for pre-existing physical activity such that the net effect on energy expenditure is less than predicted. However, the impact of substitution has not been examined to date because of methodological spatiotemporal challenges. To overcome these challenges, we use mathematical modelling to examine the impact of substitution during prescribed exercise interventions.

Effects of a combined energy restriction and vigorous-intensity exercise intervention on the human gut microbiome: A randomised controlled trial.

Metabolic health improvements in response to exercise and energy restriction may be mediated by the gut microbiome, yet causal evidence in humans remains limited. We used a 3-week exercise and energy restriction intervention to examine changes to the gut microbiome in otherwise healthy sedentary men and postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. Intervention participants (n = 18) reduced habitual energy intake by 5000 kcal/week and expended 2000 kcal/week in addition to habitual physical activity through treadmill walking at 70% V̇O.

Pediatric Thyroid Cancer Multidisciplinary Team Improves Adherence of Radioactive Iodine Treatment According to National Guidelines.

Objective: To evaluate whether a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach improves adherence to the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) postoperative surveillance guidelines in pediatric thyroid cancer patients.

Methods: A retrospective review at our institution was performed on pediatric patients who had thyroidectomy for papillary or follicular thyroid cancer between 2017 and 2024. Patients who were treated from 2017 to 2020 (pre-MDT) were compared to those treated from 2021 to 2024 (post-MDT), following the establishment of the MDT in January 2021.

Methemoglobinemia After Transesophageal Echocardiogram.

The widespread administration of local anesthetics such as benzocaine necessitates understanding their lesser-known adverse effects. Acquired methemoglobinemia (MetHb) is a rare but life-threatening complication associated with the routine use of benzocaine spray prior to endoscopic procedures such as transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Recognizing the manifestation of MetHb is critical to early detection and appropriate management of this condition.

Analysing longitudinal wearable physical activity data using non-stationary time series models.

Background: Wearable devices have emerged as a new technology for monitoring physical activity over time. Conventional approaches to wearable physical activity data have tended to ignore temporal changes and, instead, have typically analysed summative measures and/or snapshots (e.g.

Exercise without Weight Loss Prevents Seasonal Decline in Vitamin D Metabolites: The VitaDEx Randomized Controlled Trial.

Many adults become vitamin D deficient or insufficient during winter at northerly latitudes when cutaneous vitamin D synthesis does not occur. Vitamin D accumulates in adipose tissue and people with overweight or obesity are more likely to have low systemic vitamin D. This randomized controlled trial demonstrates that regular exercise completely maintains serum concentrations of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)D over winter and may ameliorate the decline in 25(OH)D status in overweight men and women, even without weight loss.

Continuous glucose monitor overestimates glycemia, with the magnitude of bias varying by postprandial test and individual - a randomized crossover trial.

Background: Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are used to characterize postprandial glycemia, yet no study has directly tested how different test foods/beverages alter CGM accuracy.

Objectives: Assess glycemic responses to test foods/drinks using CGM compared with capillary sampling (criterion).

Methods: Fifteen healthy females (n = 9) and males (n = 6) completed 7 laboratory visits in a randomized crossover design with ≥48 h washout between visits.

Automated acoustic voice screening techniques for comorbid depression and anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders (AD) and major depressive disorders (MDD) are growing in prevalence, yet many people suffering from these disorders remain undiagnosed due to known perceptual, attitudinal, and structural barriers. Methods, tools, and technologies that can overcome these barriers and improve screening rates are needed. Tools based on automated analysis of acoustic voice could help bridge this gap.

Primary School Pupils' Perceptions and Experiences of Wearable Technologies.

Background: Wearable technologies offer new opportunities to address in-school physical inactivity. However, children are often excluded from discussing issues which directly impact them, including the use of wearable technologies in a school setting. Thus, the aim of this study is to understand primary school pupils' experiences and perceptions of using wearable physical activity monitoring technologies within schools.

The effectiveness of unsupervised home-based exercise for improving lower extremity physical function in older adults in Western and Eastern cultures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Ageing leads to decreased physical function, which can impact independent living and raise health risks, increasing demand on healthcare resources. Finding affordable and accessible exercise to improve physical function is necessary for a population seemingly resistant to strength and balance training in leisure settings. This review aimed to evaluate whether unsupervised home-based exercises improve lower extremity function in older adults.

Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT.

Restricted sugar and ketogenic diets can alter energy balance/metabolism, but decreased energy intake may be compensated by reduced expenditure. In healthy adults, randomization to restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates (ketogenic diet) for 12 weeks reduces fat mass without changing energy expenditure versus control. Free-sugar restriction minimally affects metabolism or gut microbiome but decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

The effect of an acute bout of exercise on circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations: a randomised crossover study in healthy adults.

The effect of acute exercise on circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the effect of a bout of treadmill-based exercise versus rest on circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D, 3-epi-25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)D, and vitamin D and D in healthy men and women. Thirty-three healthy adults (14 females, 41 (15) years, body mass index 26.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic component risks in persons with paraplegia: Results of a randomized controlled trial.

The aim of this work is to determine the effect of upper-body high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic risks in individuals with chronic paraplegia. Twenty-seven individuals (14 females, 13 males, mean ± SD age: 46 ± 9 years) with chronic paraplegia (spinal cord injury between T2 and L5 >1-year post-injury) took part in a randomized controlled trial and were included in the final analysis. Participants in the HIIT group (n = 18) performed ∼30 min of arm crank exercise (60 s intervals at 80%-90% peak heart rate) four times per week, for 6 weeks.

Characterizing 24-Hour Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Alongside Metabolic and Endocrine Responses Under Diurnal Conditions.

Context: Skeletal muscle plays a central role in the storage, synthesis, and breakdown of nutrients, yet little research has explored temporal responses of this human tissue, especially with concurrent measures of systemic biomarkers of metabolism.

Objective: To characterize temporal profiles in skeletal muscle expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, circadian clocks, and autophagy and descriptively relate them to systemic metabolites and hormones during a controlled laboratory protocol.

Methods: Ten healthy adults (9M/1F, [mean ± SD] age 30 ± 10 years; BMI 24.

Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in Human Physiology Research-Should We Control the Controllables?

The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting.

Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in human physiology research-should we control the controllables?

The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting.

Current and emerging 3D visualization technologies in radiology.

As the field of three-dimensional (3D) visualization rapidly advances, how healthcare professionals perceive and interact with real and virtual objects becomes increasingly complex. Lack of clear vocabulary to navigate the changing landscape of 3D visualization hinders clinical and scientific advancement, particularly within the field of radiology. In this article, we provide foundational definitions and illustrative examples for 3D visualization in clinical care, with a focus on the pediatric patient population.

The effects of upper- vs. lower-body aerobic exercise on perceived pain in individuals with chronic knee pain: a randomised crossover trial.

Background And Objectives: Some patients with chronic knee pain experience an increase in knee pain following a single bout of exercise involving their knee joint, which can negatively affect exercise adherence and thus result in reduced overall health and lack of disease management. We want to determine whether a single bout of upper-body (UB) aerobic arm-ergometry exercise is effective in reducing the experience of pain in those with chronic knee pain compared with lower-body (LB) aerobic leg ergometry exercise.

Methods: A total of 19 individuals (women = 11, men = 8; age = 63 ± 8 years; body mass index = 24 ± 3 kg/m) who suffered from chronic knee pain for ≥3 months took part in this study.

'Super Rehab': can we achieve coronary artery disease regression? A feasibility study protocol.

Introduction: Patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) are currently treated with medications and lifestyle advice to reduce the likelihood of disease progression and risk of future major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Where obstructive disease is diagnosed, revascularisation may be considered to treat refractory symptoms. However, many patients with coexistent cardiovascular risk factors, particularly those with metabolic syndrome (MetS), remain at heightened risk of future MACE despite current management.

The acceptability of homebased exercise snacking and Tai-chi snacking amongst high and low function UK and Taiwanese older adults.

Exercise "snacking" and Tai-chi 'snacking' protocols are designed to overcome typical barriers to older adults' participation in muscle strength and balance exercise, using short bouts of home-based exercise. This study aimed to investigate the acceptability of homebred exercise- and Tai-chi snacking in British and Taiwanese older adults of high and low physical function. Thirty-three British and Thirty Taiwanese older adults took part in semi-structured interviews, after trying 1-week of exercise- and Tai-chi snacking.

Whey Protein-Enriched and Carbohydrate-Rich Breakfasts Attenuate Insulinemic Responses to an ad libitum Lunch Relative to Extended Morning Fasting: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Background: Typical breakfast foods are rich in carbohydrate, so they not only elevate blood glucose during the morning, but also elicit a second-meal effect that can attenuate blood glucose responses in the afternoon.

Objectives: To determine whether a reduced-carbohydrate protein-enriched breakfast can elicit similar effects on glucose control later in the day but without hyperglycemia in the morning.

Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy men and women (age 22 ± 2 y, BMI 24.

Immune cell status, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition among breast cancer survivors and healthy women: a cross sectional study.

We examined whether immune cell profiles differ between healthy women ( = 38) and breast cancer survivors ( = 27) within 2 years of treatment, and whether any group-differences were influenced by age, cytomegalovirus infection, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. Using flow cytometry, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, including naïve (NA), central memory (CM) and effector cells (EM and EMRA) were identified using CD27/CD45RA. Activation was measured by HLA-DR expression.