A tetrazole-based immunomodulator confers mitochondrial protection and enhances host resistance against IHNV in rainbow trout.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) remains a serious threat to salmonid aquaculture, largely due to its high transmissibility and the absence of effective antiviral therapies. While previous studies have focused primarily on viral suppression, few have addressed the immunological and cellular responses required for host defense. Here, we report the discovery of a tetrazole-based small molecule, THA, that exerts robust anti-IHNV effects by preserving mitochondrial homeostasis and activating innate immune signaling.

N-site-selective cross-couplings of tetrazoles with indoles.

A method for the site-selective cross-coupling of the N-position of tetrazoles with indoles is reported. The -generated N-iodotetrazole intermediates are found to be critical for both activating indoles and achieving N-selectivity. Upon reaction with indoles, heterolytic cleavage of the N-I bond in N-iodotetrazoles predominantly generates N-localized anions.

Reduced representation sequencing reveals genetic diversity and adaptive genetic divergence in Calamus rhabdocladus.

Small, isolated populations are more susceptible to natural disturbances and declines in genetic diversity. Calamus rhabdocladus has a scattered and fragmented natural distribution across South China, where only a few relict populations still exist. However, no population genetic studies have been conducted to date, and conservation management plans are lacking.

Development and validation of a nomogram for differentiating immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis from pneumonia in patients undergoing immunochemotherapy: a multicenter, real-world, retrospective study.

Background: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Pneumonitis (CIP) exhibits high morbidity and mortality rates in the real world, often coexisting with pneumonia, particularly after immunochemotherapy. We aimed to develop and validate a non-invasive nomogram for differentiating CIP from pneumonia in patients undergoing immunochemotherapy.

Methods: This study encompassed 237 patients from three hospitals.

Geographical variation and the role of climate and soil on phenotypic traits of Calamus rhabdocladus across provenances in China.

Background: Phenotypic traits are indicative of a plant's resource utilization and survival strategies. Understanding the geographical differentiation of Calamus rhabdocladus phenotypes holds significant theoretical and practical value for genetic breeding and the selection of superior geographical provenances. This study analyzed the geographic variation in 15 phenotypic traits of leaves, stems, roots, flagellums, and other parts from 10 provenances of C.

Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Dihydroboration of Alkynes to Construct -Diborylalkanes.

We develop herein an efficient copper-catalyzed dihydroboration of alkynes with HBpin to synthesize -diborylalkanes. This catalytic process features a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and excellent regioselectivity. Notably, the gram-scale reaction and further product derivatizations demonstrate the practicality of this protocol.

N-Alkylation of 1,2,3-Triazoles with Ethers under Thermodynamical Control.

Herein, a relay strategy incorporating oxidative cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) and N- to N-isomerization is disclosed for the formal N-selective alkylation of triazoles with ethers under thermodynamic control conditions. By taking advantage of the different thermodynamical stabilities of N- and N-alkylated triazoles (3.65 kcal/mol), the initially formed N-isomers can be converted into their more stable N-isomers when reaching thermodynamic equilibrium.

Antiparasitic effect of (+)-catechin derived from Pseudolarix amabilis against Dactylogyrus intermedius in goldfish.

Medicinal plants are considered promising candidates for controlling parasitic pathogen in aquaculture. Our previous study demonstrated that the crude extracts of Pseudolarix amabilis exhibit promising anti-Dactylogyrus intermedius activity. However, the specific compounds responsible for the antiparasitic effects of these crude extracts remain elusive.

The Phenotypic Variation in Moso Bamboo and the Selection of Key Traits.

This research aimed to explore the diverse phenotypic characteristics of moso bamboo in China and pinpoint essential characteristics of moso bamboo. In this study, 63 grids were selected using the grid method to investigate 28 phenotypic traits of moso bamboo across the entire distribution area of China. The results suggest that the phenotypic traits of moso bamboo exhibit rich diversity, with coefficients of variation ranging from 5.

Rhein: A potent immunomodulator empowering largemouth bass against MSRV infection.

Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) is a significant viral pathogen in largemouth bass aquaculture, causing substantial annual economic losses. However, effective prevention methods remain elusive for various reasons. Medicinal plant extracts have emerged as valuable tools in preventing and managing aquatic animal diseases.

Synthesis and anti-parasites efficacy of coumarin derivatives against Dactylogyrus intermedius.

Dactylogyrus is one of the most common parasitic diseases in fish and causes huge losses to the aquaculture industry. With the advantages of safety, low toxicity and easy degradation, plant-derived drugs are ideal for the creation of green aquatic ingredients. The use of plant-derived drugs in aquaculture is limited by their low content and high processing costs, which is a challenge that can be solved by the chemical synthesis of plant-derived drugs.

Herbal active small molecule as an immunomodulator for potential application on resistance of common carp against SVCV infection.

Herbal immunomodulators are an important part of prevention and control on viral diseases in aquaculture because of their propensity to improve immunity in fish. The present study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect and antiviral activity of a synthesized derivative (serial number: LML1022) against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection in vitro and in vivo. The antiviral data suggested that LML1022 at 100 μM significantly inhibited the virus replication in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, and may completely inhibit the infectivity of SVCV virion particles to fish cells by affecting the viral internalization.

Two-level mixed-effects height to crown base model for moso bamboo () in Eastern China.

Height to crown base (HCB) is an important predictor variable for forest growth and yield models and is of great significance for bamboo stem utilization. However, existing HCB models built so far on the hierarchically structured data are for arbor forests, and not applied to bamboo forests. Based on the fitting of data acquired from 38 temporary sample plots of forests in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, we selected the best HCB model (logistic model) from among six basic models and extended it by integrating predictor variables, which involved evaluating the impact of 13 variables on HCB.

Bifidobacterium longum supplementation improves age-related delays in fracture repair.

Age-related delays in bone repair remains an important clinical issue that can prolong pain and suffering. It is now well established that inflammation increases with aging and that this exacerbated inflammatory response can influence skeletal regeneration. Recently, simple dietary supplementation with beneficial probiotic bacteria has been shown to influence fracture repair in young mice.

N-Selective β-Thioalkylation of Benzotriazoles with Alkenes.

Herein, N-selective β-thioalkylation of benzotriazoles with unactivated alkenes and styrenes is reported. The N-selective β-thioalkylation of benzotriazoles is highly stereospecific and works under simple and mild conditions, exhibiting excellent functional group tolerance. The high N-selectivity is a consequence of the combination of hydrogen bonding and Lewis acid/base activation, which reverses the N-position to be favored for alkylation.

Sexually Dimorphic Increases in Bone Mass Following Tissue-specific Overexpression of Runx1 in Osteoclast Precursors.

Many metabolic bone diseases arise as a result excessive osteoclastic bone resorption, which has motivated efforts to identify new molecular targets that can inhibit the formation or activity of these bone-resorbing cells. Mounting evidence indicates that the transcription factor Runx1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of osteoclast formation. Prior studies using a conditional knockout approach suggested that Runx1 in osteoclast precursors acts as an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis; however, the effects of upregulation of Runx1 on osteoclast formation remain unknown.

Deletion of IL-17ra in osteoclast precursors increases bone mass by decreasing osteoclast precursor abundance.

Metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, typically reflect an increase in the number and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts that result in a loss of bone mass. Inflammatory mediators have been identified as drivers of both osteoclast formation and activity. The IL-17 family of inflammatory cytokines has gained attention as important contributors to both bone formation and resorption.

Potential application of antiviral coumarin in aquaculture against IHNV infection by reducing viral adhesion to the epithelial cell surface.

Due to the lack of relevant therapies for infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection, the viral outbreak invariably causes serious economic losses in salmonid species. In this study, we evaluated the anti-IHNV effects of 7-(6-benzimidazole) coumarin (C10) and 4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one (S5) in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that C10 at 12.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antiviral activity of a phenylpropanoid derivative against spring viraemia of carp virus.

Phenylpropanoids, common natural compounds, possess many different biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral. Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) can cause a high mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). However, there are currently no licenced drugs that effectively cure this disease.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis supplementation attenuates fracture-induced systemic sequelae.

The gut microbiota is an important contributor to both health and disease. While previous studies have reported on the beneficial influences of the gut microbiota and probiotic supplementation on bone health, their role in recovery from skeletal injury and resultant systemic sequelae remains unexplored. This study aimed to determine the extent to which probiotics could modulate bone repair by dampening fracture-induced systemic inflammation.

Hydroxycoumarin efficiently inhibits spring viraemia of carp virus infection and .

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) causes devastating losses in aquaculture. Coumarin has an advantageous structure for the design of novel antiviral agents with high affinity and specificity. In this study, we evaluated a hydroxycoumarin medicine, i.

Evaluation on the antiviral effect of a hydroxycoumarin against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection in vitro and in vivo.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) caused by the viral pathogen infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a highly contagious disease of salmonid species, resulting in significant economic impact. The previous study showed a hydroxycoumarin derivative 7-[6-(2-methylimidazole) hexyloxy] coumarin (D5) significantly inhibited spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) infection, suggesting that D5 may be useful as a potential anti-IHNV agent. In this study, D5 at the concentration of up to 10 mg/L significantly inhibited IHNV replication in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells with a maximum inhibitory rate of >90%, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) levels, and decreased IHNV-induced apoptosis in virus-infected cells.