Cost-Effectiveness of 2023-2024 COVID-19 Vaccination in US Adults.

Importance: Evidence is needed on the economic favorability of a 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination program to support policy decisions on recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination.

Objective: To measure the cost-effectiveness of vaccination with a 2023-2024 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in adults aged 18 years or older compared with no updated vaccination (with a 2023-2024 vaccine).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This decision analytic modeling study used a simulation model to compare outcomes for hypothetical cohorts of vaccinated and unvaccinated, immunocompetent adults stratified by age (18-49 years, 50-64 years, and ≥65 years).

Herpes zoster vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries with and without prescription drug coverage.

Introduction: The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) eliminated cost sharing for Medicare Part D-covered vaccines but did not address the cost burden faced by Medicare beneficiaries who did not have prescription drug coverage. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of beneficiaries without prescription drug coverage and to assess the association between the receipt of a herpes zoster vaccine and prescription drug coverage status.

Methods: We used the 2019-2023 National Health Interview Survey and included Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older who enrolled in both Parts A and B or a Medicare Advantage plan.

Real-Time Direction Judgment System for Dual-Frequency Laser Interferometer.

Current real-time direction judgment systems are inaccurate and insensitive, as well as limited by the sampling rate of analog-to-digital converters. To address this problem, we propose a dynamic real-time direction judgment system based on an integral dual-frequency laser interferometer and field-programmable gate array technology. The optoelectronic signals resulting from the introduction of a phase subdivision method based on the amplitude resolution of the laser interferometer when measuring displacement are analyzed.

Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccination Coverage Among Publicly Insured Pregnant Women, U.S., 2016-2019.

Introduction: Vaccination with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine during pregnancy is highly effective against in young infants. We aimed to evaluate the uptake of maternal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccination during the recommended gestation period of 27 through 36 weeks among women enrolled in a public medical insurance plan in the U.S.

Design and implementation of a real-time compensation algorithm for nonlinear error based on ellipse fitting.

To improve the measurement accuracy of interferometer displacement measurement systems, this study analyzes the characteristics of the interference signal to identify sources of nonlinear errors and develops compensation strategies. Specifically, a model is established for the nonlinear errors of the interferometer, which can be attributed to a laser and polarizing beam splitter (PBS). Following that, the dual orthogonal lock-in amplification algorithm is used to separate and compensate for the frequency uncertainty and amplitude errors.

Surveillance Systems for Monitoring Vaccination Coverage with Vaccines Recommended for Pregnant Women, United States.

Pregnant women* and their infants are at increased risk for serious influenza, pertussis, and COVID-19-related complications, including preterm birth, low-birth weight, and maternal and fetal death. The advisory committee on immunization practices recommends pregnant women receive tetanus-toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine during pregnancy, and influenza and COVID-19 vaccines before or during pregnancy. Vaccination coverage estimates and factors associated with maternal vaccination are measured by various surveillance systems.

Association Between Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Infant Influenza Vaccination.

Objective: To examine the association between influenza vaccination during pregnancy and infant influenza vaccination.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of individuals aged 15-49 years who were continually privately insured from August 2017 to May 2019 and had singleton live births between September 2017 and February 2018 and their infants. Influenza vaccination coverage was assessed for pregnant people during the 2017-2018 influenza season and for their infants during the 2018-2019 season using the 2017-2019 MarketScan data.

Health and Economic Impact of the United States Varicella Vaccination Program, 1996-2020.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health and economic impact of the varicella vaccination program on varicella disease in the United States (US), 1996-2020.

Methods: Analysis was conducted using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or published annual population-based varicella incidence, and varicella-associated hospitalization, outpatient visit, and mortality rates in the US population aged 0-49 years during 1996-2020 (range, 199.5-214.

School Mandate and Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among Prekindergartners in New York City, 2012-2019.

New York City (NYC) introduced a universal prekindergarten program in 2014 that mandated influenza vaccination for enrollment. We conducted a difference-in-difference-in-differences study to evaluate the program using 2012 to 2019 MarketScan claims data. After the introduction of the program, influenza vaccine uptake among four-year-old children in NYC during the subsequent seasons increased by 6.

Vaccination Coverage of Privately Insured Children: Comparing U.S. Survey and Administrative Data.

Introduction: National Immunization Survey-Child data are used widely to assess childhood vaccination coverage in the U.S. This study compares National Immunization Survey-Child coverage estimates with estimates using other supplementary data sources.

Coverage and Timing of Influenza Vaccination Among Privately Insured Pregnant Women in the United States, 2010-2018.

Objective: Pregnant women are at increased risk of serious complications from influenza and are recommended to receive an influenza vaccination during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to assess trends, timing patterns, and associated factors of influenza vaccination among pregnant women.

Methods: We used 2010-2018 MarketScan data on 1 286 749 pregnant women aged 15-49 who were privately insured to examine trends and timing patterns of influenza vaccination coverage.

Patient Characteristics and Costs Associated With COVID-19-Related Medical Care Among Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries.

Background: New cases of COVID-19 continue to occur daily in the United States, and the need for medical treatments continues to grow. Knowledge of the direct medical costs of COVID-19 treatments is limited.

Objective: To examine the characteristics of older adults with COVID-19 and their costs for COVID-19-related medical care.

Decline in Receipt of Vaccines by Medicare Beneficiaries During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020.

On March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency concerning the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak (1). In response, many state and local governments issued shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders, restricting nonessential activities outside residents' homes (2). CDC initially issued guidance recommending postponing routine adult vaccinations, which was later revised to recommend continuing to administer routine adult vaccines (3).

Urban-Rural Disparities in Vaccination Service Use Among Low-Income Adolescents.

Objective: To access urban-rural disparities in vaccination service use among Medicaid-enrolled adolescents and examine its association with residence county characteristics.

Study Design: We used the 2016 Medicaid T-MSIS Analytic File to estimate adolescents' use of vaccination services, defined as the proportion of adolescents aged 11-18 years with ≥ 1 vaccination visit in a county. We used linear regression and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method to examine the association between county characteristics and urban-rural disparities in vaccination service use.

Variability in influenza vaccination opportunities and coverage among privately insured children.

Background: Universal influenza vaccination has been recommended since 2010, yet influenza vaccination rates among children aged 6 months to 17 years remain low compared with other routinely recommended childhood vaccines.

Objective: Assess in-plan vaccination coverage, opportunities, and missed opportunities during the 2016-2017 influenza season.

Study Design: Retrospective analyses using 2016-2017 MarketScan® data for 2,768,799 privately insured children aged 1-17 years by the end of 2016 who were continuously enrolled in the same insurance plan during the 2016-2017 influenza season (defined as August 1, 2016 through May 31, 2017).

Tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine for prevention of pertussis among adults aged 19 years and older in the United States: A cost-effectiveness analysis.

Currently, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends one-time tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination for all adults 19 years and older. This study is designed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Tdap vaccination for Tdap-eligible adults aged 19 through 85 in the United States. A cost-effectiveness model was developed to compute costs and health outcomes associated with pertussis among 100,000 Tdap-eligible persons of each age cohort.

Evaluating Partial Series Childhood Vaccination Services in a Mobile Clinic Setting.

This study aims to evaluate the cost-benefit of vaccination services, mostly partial series administration, provided by a mobile clinic program (MCP) in Houston for children of transient and low-income families. The study included 469 patients who visited the mobile clinics on regular service days in 2 study periods in 2014 and 836 patients who attended vaccination events in the summer of 2014. The benefit of partial series vaccination was estimated based on vaccine efficacy/effectiveness data.

Analysis of the profitability of adult vaccination in 13 private provider practices in the United States.

Vaccination coverage among adults remains low in the United States. Understanding the barriers to provision of adult vaccination is an important step to increasing vaccination coverage and improving public health. To better understand financial factors that may affect practice decisions about adult vaccination, this study sought to understand how costs compared with payments for adult vaccinations in a sample of U.

Insurance Reimbursements for Routinely Recommended Adult Vaccines in the Private Sector.

Introduction: Financial concerns are frequently cited by providers as a barrier to adult vaccination. This study assessed insurance reimbursements to providers for administering vaccines to adults in the private sector.

Methods: This study, conducted in 2018, used the 2016 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database and included vaccination visits made by adults aged 19-64 years.

Insurance reimbursements for human papillomavirus vaccination in the private sector, 2007-2014.

This study aims to assess payments to private providers for HPV vaccination. We used the 2007-2014 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database and included 3,456,180 HPV vaccination visits made by adolescents aged 11-17 years and enrolled in a non-capitated insurance plan in 37 states. We examined insurance reimbursements and its time trend for vaccine purchase and vaccine administration.

Estimating the Costs and Income of Providing Vaccination to Adults and Children.

Introduction: Vaccinations are recommended to prevent serious morbidity and mortality. However, providers' concerns regarding costs and payments for providing vaccination services are commonly reported barriers to adult vaccination. Information on the costs of providing vaccination is limited, especially for adults.

Trends in Tdap vaccination among privately insured pregnant women in the United States, 2009-2016.

Background: Infants younger than 6 months are at increased risk of complications and mortality from pertussis infection. In October 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices revised its recommendation to include a Tdap dose during each pregnancy, ideally between 27 and 36 weeks gestation.

Objective: Assess trends in Tdap vaccination coverage among privately insured pregnant women from 2009 to 2016 including timing of Tdap vaccination (before, during, or after pregnancy), trimester of vaccination for women vaccinated during pregnancy, and missed vaccination opportunities for unvaccinated women.