Serum Galectin-9 and Decorin in relation to brain aging and the green-Mediterranean diet: A secondary analysis of the DIRECT PLUS randomized trial.

Background And Aims: We explored whether changes in serum proteomic profiles differed between participants with distinct brain aging trajectories, and whether these changes were influenced by dietary intervention.

Methods: In this secondary analysis of the 18-month DIRECT PLUS trial, 294 participants were randomized to one of three arms: 1) Healthy dietary guidelines (HDG); 2) Mediterranean (MED) diet (+440 mg/day polyphenols from walnuts); or 3) low red/processed meat green-MED diet (+1240 mg/day polyphenols from walnuts, Mankai plant, and green tea). We measured 87 serum proteins (Olink-CVDII).

Interplay of genetic predisposition, plasma metabolome and Mediterranean diet in dementia risk and cognitive function.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementias (AD/ADRD) have a substantial genetic basis, with APOE4 homozygotes increasingly recognized as a distinct genetic subtype. To identify genotype-specific metabolic pathways and modifiable risk factors, we integrated genetic, plasma metabolomic and dietary data from 4,215 women and 1,490 men in prospective cohorts. Here we show that the associations of 57 metabolites with dementia risk varied by APOE4 genotype or other AD/ADRD risk variants.

Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Trial: Genetic Resource for Precision Nutrition.

The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) was a 3-year, multicenter, randomized controlled trial to test the effects of the MIND diet on cognitive decline in 604 individuals at risk for Alzheimer's dementia. Here, we describe the genotyping, imputation, and quality control (QC) procedures for the genetic data of trial participants. DNA was extracted from either whole blood or serum, and genotyping was performed using the Infinium Global Diversity Array.

Longitudinal plasma amino acids during pregnancy and neonatal anthropometry: findings from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort.

Background: Amino acids (AAs) during pregnancy are crucial for fetal growth. Prior studies measured AA concentrations at single time points in pregnancy, despite their fluctuations throughout pregnancy. We measured plasma AA profiles in blood samples longitudinally collected from early through late pregnancy and evaluated their associations with neonatal anthropometry.

Individual response to lifestyle interventions: a pooled analysis of three long-term weight loss trials.

Aims: We explored the manifestations of individual weight loss (WL) response to long-term lifestyle interventions on cardiometabolic risk.

Methods And Results: We pooled data from three large long-term lifestyle WL-intervention trials: 24-month DIRECT (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00160108; n = 322; 87% adherence), 18-month CENTRAL (ClinicalTrials.

Duration and type of statin use and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes among men and women with hypercholesterolaemia: findings from three prospective cohorts.

Aims/hypothesis: Findings from RCTs and observational studies indicate a positive association between statin use and risk of type 2 diabetes. Mendelian randomisation studies provide evidence to support that the effect is causal. However, little is known about the long-term effects, and data on different types of statins remain limited.

Butter and Plant-Based Oils Intake and Mortality.

Importance: The relationship between butter and plant-based oil intakes and mortality remains unclear, with conflicting results from previous studies. Long-term dietary assessments are needed to clarify these associations.

Objective: To investigate associations of butter and plant-based oil intakes with risk of total and cause-specific mortality among US adults.

Global adherence to a healthy and sustainable diet and potential reduction in premature death.

The Planetary Health Diet (PHD), also known as the EAT-Lancet reference diet, was developed to optimize global dietary quality while keeping the environmental impacts of food production within sustainable planetary boundaries. We calculated current national and global adherence to the PHD using the Planetary Health Dietary Index (PHDI). In addition, we used data on diet and mortality from three large US cohorts (n = 206,404 men and women, 54,536 deaths) to estimate the total and cause-specific mortality among adults 20 y of age and older that could be prevented by shifting from current diets to the reference PHD.

F. prausnitzii potentially modulates the association between citrus intake and depression.

Background: The gut microbiome modulates the effects of diet on host health, but it remains unclear which specific foods and microbial features interact to influence risk of depression. To understand this interplay, we leveraged decades of dietary and depression data from a longitudinal cohort of women (n = 32,427), along with fecal metagenomics and plasma metabolomics from a substudy (n = 207) nested in this cohort, as well as an independent validation cohort of men (n = 307).

Results: We report that citrus intake and its components are prospectively associated with a lower risk of depression and altered abundance of 15 gut microbial species, including enriched Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.

Gut microbial metabolism of bile acids modifies the effect of Mediterranean diet interventions on cardiometabolic risk in a randomized controlled trial.

Bile acids (BAs) undergo extensive microbial metabolism in the gut and exert hormone-like functions on physiological processes underlying metabolic risk. However, the extent to which gut BA profiles predict cardiometabolic risk and explain individual responses to dietary interventions in humans is still unclear. In the DIRECT-PLUS Trial, we conducted a multi-omics analysis of 284 participants randomized into three groups: healthy dietary guidelines and two Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) groups.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake and Quality Among United States Veterans.

Background: Dietary quality plays an important role in disease development and prognosis, and diet is also a key contributor to disparities in many chronic diseases and health conditions.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess racial and ethnic disparities experienced by veterans; we examined food intake and dietary quality across different racial and ethnic groups of United States veterans.

Methods: The study included 420,730 males and females aged 19-107 y (91.

Mediterranean Diet and Ultra-Processed Food Intake in Older Australian Adults-Associations with Frailty and Cardiometabolic Conditions.

Dietary patterns contribute to overall health and diseases of ageing but are understudied in older adults. As such, we first aimed to develop dietary indices to quantify Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) utilisation and Ultra-processed Food (UPF) intake in a well-characterised cohort of relatively healthy community-dwelling older Australian adults. Second, we aimed to understand the relationship between these scores and the association of these scores with prevalent cardiometabolic disease and frailty.

Integration of epidemiological and blood biomarker analysis links haem iron intake to increased type 2 diabetes risk.

Dietary haem iron intake is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the underlying plasma biomarkers are not well understood. We analysed data from 204,615 participants (79% females) in three large US cohorts over up to 36 years, examining the associations between iron intake and T2D risk. We also assessed plasma metabolic biomarkers and metabolomic profiles in subsets of 37,544 (82% females) and 9,024 (84% females) participants, respectively.

The effect of Mankai plant consumption on postprandial glycaemic response among patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial.

Aim: To explore the effect of Mankai, a cultivated aquatic duckweed green plant, on postprandial glucose (PG) excursions in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: In a 4-week, randomized crossover-controlled trial, we enrolled 45 adults with T2D (HbA1c range: 6.5%-8.

Healthy dietary patterns are associated with exposure to environmental chemicals in a pregnancy cohort.

Healthy dietary patterns, such as the alternate Mediterranean diet and alternate Healthy Eating Index, benefit cardiometabolic health. However, several food components of these dietary patterns are primary sources of environmental chemicals. Here, using data from a racially and ethnically diverse US cohort, we show that healthy dietary pattern scores were positively associated with plasma chemical exposure in pregnancy, particularly for the alternate Mediterranean diet and alternate Healthy Eating Index with polychlorinated biphenyls and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances.

Red Meat Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Prospective Cohort Study in the Million Veteran Program.

Background: Red meat consumption was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in prospective cohort studies and a profile of biomarkers favoring high CVD risk in short-term controlled trials. However, several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses concluded with no or weak evidence for limiting red meat intake.

Objectives: To prospectively examine the associations between red meat intake and incident CVD in an ongoing cohort study with diverse socioeconomic and racial or ethnic backgrounds.

Impact of 8 lifestyle factors on mortality and life expectancy among United States veterans: The Million Veteran Program.

Background: Lifestyle medicine has been proposed as a way to address the root causes of chronic disease and their associated health care costs.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate mortality risk and longevity associated with individual lifestyle factors and comprehensive lifestyle therapy.

Methods: Age- and sex-specific mortality rates were calculated on the basis of 719,147 veterans aged 40-99 y enrolled in the Veteran Affairs Million Veteran Program (2011-2019).

Association Between Bowel Movement Pattern and Cognitive Function: Prospective Cohort Study and a Metagenomic Analysis of the Gut Microbiome.

Background And Objectives: Little is known regarding the association between intestinal motility patterns and cognitive function in individuals who are baseline cognitively healthy. The gut microbiome may contribute to the association. We examined the association between bowel movement (BM) pattern and cognitive function and explored the role of the gut microbiome in explaining this association.