Unraveling the role of brain renin angiotensin system in vascular dementia: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.

Dementia is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by the progressive deterioration of various brain functions, severely impacting cognitive, emotional, and social abilities. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, dementia represents a pressing global health concern, with the number of affected individuals projected to triple by 2050. Among its various subtypes, vascular dementia (VD) stands as the second most common form, following Alzheimer's disease (AD).

The neuroprotective potential of carbazole in traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To review the neuroprotective potential of carbazole and its derivatives in the management of traumatic brain injury (TBI), focusing on their mechanisms of action, preclinical findings, and potential clinical applications.

Data Sources: Relevant literature was identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases.

Review Methods: This review includes an analysis of studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of carbazole, emphasizing its anti-apoptotic, antioxidative, neurotrophic, and mitochondrial protective mechanisms.

Amplification of Cardioprotective Response of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats by Quercetin: Potential Role of Activation of mTOR-dependent Autophagy and Nrf2.

Objectives: Noninvasive remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a practical, acceptable, and feasible conditioning technique reported to provide cardioprotection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). It has been well-reported that quercetin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates the modification of the cardioprotective response of RIPC by quercetin.

Beneficial effect of lupeol and metformin in mouse model of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced dementia.

This study examines the effectiveness of lupeol and metformin in a mouse model of dementia generated by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (i.c.v.

Pullulan in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations: A review.

Pullulan, an α-glucan polysaccharide, is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, highly biocompatible, edible and biodegradable in nature. The long chains of glucopyranose rings in pullulan structure are linked together by α-(1 → 4) and α-(1 → 6) glycosidic linkages. The occurrence of both glycosidic linkages in the pullulan structure contributes to its distinctive properties.

Nano-formulations in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia: An overview.

Background: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a significant challenge to global health. The absorption and bioavailability depend on the delivery vehicle being used. Ferrous sulphate is a drug of choice for IDA but leads to frequent gastrointestinal tract side effects that force the patient to discontinue the treatment.

Downstream processing and structural confirmation of pullulan - A comprehensive review.

Pullulan is a microbial polymer, commercially produced from Aureobasidium pullulans. Downstream processing of pullulan involves a multi-stage process which should be efficient, safe and reproducible. In liquid-liquid separations, firstly cell free extract is separated.

HPTLC-densitometry quantification of fructooligosaccharides from inulin hydrolysate.

The objective of present research was to develop an easy, precise and accurate HPTLC densitometry method for quantification of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) from inulin hydrolysate. The chromatographic separation of FOSs was performed on pre-coated silica gel (60, F) TLC plates using a mobile phase (butanol:ethanol:water, 60:24:16), and densitometry evaluation of FOSs was performed at A. Both kestose and nystose were successfully resolved with R value of 0.

Investigating aqueous phase separation of pullulan from Aureobasidium pullulans and its characterization.

In the present investigation, polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) was used for downstream processing of pullulan from Aureobasidium pullulans by aqueous phase separation (APS) technique. The cell-free broth was processed with PEG solution (10-35%, w/w) and pullulan formed a clear separate phase with all concentrations of PEG i.e.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-substituted-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as first-in-class mast cell stabilizers.

Mast cell degranulation plays a momentous role in myriad diseases like asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis as well as anaphylactic shock; hence, there is an unmet need for developing new mast cells stabilizers. The reported mast cell stabilizers have a heterocyclic moiety and an acidic group. Furthermore, the role of tryptophan in suppression of mast cell activation is established.

Facile alkylation of 4-nitrobenzotriazole and its platelet aggregation inhibitory activity.

We explored the facile alkylation of 4-nitrobenzotriazole under basic conditions and the synthesized derivatives were tested for their potential ADP induced platelet aggregation inhibition activity in comparison with standard drug ticagrelor (selective P2Y12 inhibitor). The nitro group at 4-position is highly activating toward alkylation reactions (under strong basic conditions) and resulted in formation of degradation product like 3-nitrobenzene-1,2-diamine which make isolation of alkyl products very difficult. We optimized the reaction under mild basic condition (potassium carbonate and DMF) which is devoid of any degradation product.

Sodium hydrogen exchanger inhibitory activity of benzotriazole derivatives.

Series of benzotriazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their Sodium hydrogen exchanger-1 inhibitory potential. All compounds inhibit Sodium hydrogen exchanger-1 in the in-vitro platelet swelling assay. This is perhaps the first report of NHE-1 inhibitory activity of benzotriazole.

Targeting mast cells: Uncovering prolific therapeutic role in myriad diseases.

The mast cells are integral part of immune system and they have pleiotropic physiological functions in our body. Any type of abnormal stimuli causes the mast cells receptors to spur the otherwise innocuous mast cells to degranulate and release inflammatory mediators like histamine, cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins. These mediators are involved in various diseases like allergy, asthma, mastocytosis, cardiovascular disorders, etc.

Inundation of asthma target research: Untangling asthma riddles.

Asthma is an inveterate inflammatory disorder, delineated by the airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airway wall remodeling. Although, asthma is a vague term, and is recognized as heterogenous entity encompassing different phenotypes. Targeting single mediator or receptor did not prove much clinical significant, as asthma is complex disease involving myriad inflammatory mediators.

Sulfatase inhibitors for recidivist breast cancer treatment: A chemical review.

Steroid sulfatase (STS) plays a momentous role in the conversion of sulfated steroids, which are biologically inactive, into biologically active un-sulfated steroid hormones, which support the development and growth of a number of hormone-dependent cancers, including breast cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of STS are supposed to be potential drugs for the treatment of breast and other steroid-dependent cancers. The present review concentrates on broad chemical classification of steroid sulfatase inhibitors.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: from nerve toxins to neuroprotection.

Acetylcholinesterase is a member of the α/β hydrolase protein super family, with a significant role in acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission. Research in the modulators of AChEs has moved from a potent poison (Sarin, Soman) in war times to the potent medicine (physostigmine) in peaceful times. Natural anti-AChE includes carbamates, glycoalkaloids, anatoxins derived from green algae; synthetic anti-AChE includes highly poisonous organophosphates used as nerve gases and insecticides.

Memory restorative role of statins in experimental dementia: an evidence of their cholesterol dependent and independent actions.

The study was aimed at investigating the effects of pitavastatin, simvastatin (lipophilic statins) and fluvastatin (hydrophilic statin) on memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's type dementia in mice. Dementia was induced with chronic administration of a high fat diet (HFD) or intracebroventricular streptozotocin (icv STZ, two doses of 3 mg/kg) in separate groups of animals. Memory of the animals was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) test.

Potential of ezetimibe in memory deficits associated with dementia of Alzheimer's type in mice.

Background: High cholesterol levels have been positively correlated with a higher incidence of memory impairment and dementia.

Aim: The study was undertaken to investigate the potential of the lipid-lowering drug, ezetimibe, in memory deficits associated with dementia of Alzheimer's (AD) type in mice.

Methods: Dementia was induced with chronic administration of a high-fat diet (HFD) or intracebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV STZ, two doses of 3 mg/kg) in separate groups of animals.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 5-substituted-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-methylbenzimidazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.

A series of novel 5-substituted-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-methylbenzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized. The structures of these compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectral data and elemental analyses. Compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity as well as gastric ulcerogenic effects.

Ameliorative effects of Ocimum sanctum in sciatic nerve transection-induced neuropathy in rats.

Objectives: The present study was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effect of Ocimum sanctum in sciatic nerve transection (axotomy)-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats.

Materials And Methods: Sciatic nerve transection-induced axonal degeneration was assessed histopathologically. Paw pressure, Von Frey Hair, tail cold-hyperalgesia, motor in-coordination tests were performed to assess the extent of neuropathy.

Signal mechanism activated by erythropoietin preconditioning and remote renal preconditioning-induced cardioprotection.

It has been recently reported that release of erythropoietin could mediate the cardioprotective effects of remote renal preconditioning. However, the mechanism of erythropoietin-mediated cardioprotection in remote preconditioning is still unexplored. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the possible signal transduction pathway of erythropoietin-mediated cardioprotection in remote preconditioning in rats.

Ameliorative effects of amiloride and pralidoxime in chronic constriction injury and vincristine induced painful neuropathy in rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effects of clinically available drugs, with Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/H+ exchange inhibitory actions, in chronic constriction injury and vincristine induced painful neuropathy in rats. Sciatic nerve ligation and vincristine treatment (50 microg/kg for 10 days) was employed to induce neuropathy in rats. Paw pressure, von Frey hair, acetone drop, and tail heat immersion tests were performed to assess degree of mechano-hyperalgesia, mechano-allodynia, cold chemical allodynia and spinal thermal sensation respectively.

Possible involvement of erythropoietin in remote renal preconditioning-induced cardioprotection in rats.

Remote preconditioning is a unique phenomenon in which brief episodes of ischemia and reperfusion to remote organs protect the target organ against sustained ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury. Protective effects of remote renal preconditioning are well established in the heart, but their mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the possible involvement of erythropoietin in remote renal preconditioning (RRPC)-induced cardioprotection in rats.

Remote renal preconditioning-induced cardioprotection: a key role of hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl 4-hydroxylases.

Remote preconditioning is a unique phenomenon in which brief episodes of ischemia and reperfusion to remote organ protect the target organ against sustained ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury. Protective effects of remote renal preconditioning (RRPC) are well established in heart, but their mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. So, the present study was designed to investigate the possible role of oxygen-sensing hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs) in RRPC-induced cardioprotection in rats.