[Targets of rational neuroprotection in the therapy of chronic cerebral ischemia and the possibilities of achieving them].

Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) remains one of the leading causes of cognitive and neurological impairments that reduce the quality of life and work capacity of patients. Despite extensive research and development of pharmacology, effective neuroprotective approaches are still limited. The article reviews the key pathogenetic mechanisms of CCI: microcirculatory disorders, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Atomic dynamics of gas-dependent oxide reducibility.

Understanding oxide reduction is critical for advancing metal production, catalysis and energy technologies. Although carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H) are widely used reductants, the mechanisms by which they work are often presumed to be similar, both involving lattice oxygen removal. However, because of growing interest in replacing CO with H to lower CO emissions, distinguishing gas-specific reduction pathways is critical.

Defect-Driven Redox Interplay on Anatase TiO: Surface-Structure Dependent Activation for CO Hydrogenation Catalysis.

Titanium dioxide (TiO) is one of the most extensively studied oxides as an active catalyst or catalyst support, particularly in energy and environmental applications, but the atomistic mechanisms governing its dynamic response to reactive environments and their correlation to reactivity remain largely elusive. Using in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), reactivity measurements, and theoretical modeling, we reveal the dynamic interplay between oxygen loss and replenishment of anatase TiO under varying reactive conditions. Under H exposure, anatase TiO undergoes surface reduction via lattice oxygen loss, forming TiO.

In-Situ Atomic-Scale Revelation of Amorphous Metallic Iron Formation during Hydrogen-Driven Reduction of Iron Oxides.

The transition to hydrogen as a green reductant in metal production is critical for decarbonizing the metallurgical industry, yet atomic-scale mechanisms governing reduction pathways and phase evolution remain unresolved. Using in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy, we identify a hidden pathway that reveals dynamic formation of amorphous metallic iron (Fe) during the hydrogen-driven reduction of ferrous oxides of FeO and FeO. Real-time imaging uncovers three coexisting transformation routes: (i) FeO → FeO, (ii) FeO → amorphous Fe, and (iii) FeO → amorphous Fe.

Dynamic Surface Restructuring in Cu(Au) Alloys Driven by Oxygen-Mediated Au Mobility.

Alloying plays a crucial role in tuning the surface properties of metals, but the atomic-level mechanisms by which alloying elements influence surface structure dynamics under reactive conditions remain elusive. Using Cu(Au) in oxidizing environments as a model system, we reveal a dynamic oxygen-induced transformation of the topmost atomic layer into a periodically hill-and-valley morphology with reversible switching between undulated and flattened surface states. These interconversions are driven by the retreat of surface Au to the subsurface during oxygen adsorption and its resegregation to the surface upon oxygen desorption.