Effect of caloric restriction on organ size and its contribution to metabolic adaptation: an ancillary analysis of CALERIE 2.

Caloric restriction (CR) can enhance human health, though underlying mechanisms, particularly related to energy expenditure, remain unclear. This ancillary investigation of the only randomized controlled trial of long-term CR in normal-weight adults, aimed to quantify metabolic adaptation following weight loss by assessing changes in energy-expending tissues and organs using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants in the CR group were prescribed 24-month 25% CR causing a ~ 13% weight loss at 12 months followed by 12 month weight maintenance, whereas the control group maintained ad libitum food intake throughout.

Energy expenditure and obesity across the economic spectrum.

Global economic development has been associated with an increased prevalence of obesity and related health problems. Increased caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure are both cited as development-related contributors to the obesity crisis, but their relative importance remains unresolved. Here, we examine energy expenditure and two measures of obesity (body fat percentage and body mass index, BMI) for 4,213 adults from 34 populations across six continents and a wide range of lifestyles and economies, including hunter-gatherer, pastoralist, farming, and industrialized populations.

Changes to Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Waste When Households Receive Free Produce.

Objective: The study evaluated changes in household food intake, the waste of fruits and vegetables (FV), and FV inventories after supplemental produce was provided free of charge and in response to a smart coaching intervention to reduce food waste and replace less nutritious foods with FV.

Design: Households measured food intake and waste for ≥3 days before and after intervention. Households were randomized to receive either an intervention to reduce food waste and replace less healthy foods with FV or a control intervention.

The role of hyper-palatable foods in energy intake measured using mobile food photography methodology.

Objective: Hyper-palatable foods (HPF) contain nutrient combinations that are hypothesized to maximize their rewarding effects during consumption. Due to their strong reinforcing properties, HPF are hypothesized to lead to greater energy intake within a meal. However, this premise has not been tested in free-living conditions.

Tirzepatide did not impact metabolic adaptation in people with obesity, but increased fat oxidation.

Tirzepatide, a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, promoted significant body weight reduction in the phase 3 clinical trials. We conducted a preclinical study and a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT04081337) to understand potential mechanisms mediating tirzepatide-induced weight loss in mice and people with obesity. In calorie-restricted, obese mice, chronic treatment with tirzepatide reduced the drop in energy expenditure that occurred in vehicle-treated and pair-fed mice, indicating that tirzepatide attenuated metabolic adaptation.

Development and validation of the Food Noise Questionnaire.

Objective: Food noise has received attention in the media, although no validated questionnaires exist to measure it. This study developed and tested the reliability and validity of the Food Noise Questionnaire (FNQ).

Methods: Participants (N = 400) successfully completed, the FNQ and a demographic questionnaire and self-reported weight and height.

Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake.

Nutritional epidemiology aims to link dietary exposures to chronic disease, but the instruments for evaluating dietary intake are inaccurate. One way to identify unreliable data and the sources of errors is to compare estimated intakes with the total energy expenditure (TEE). In this study, we used the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water Database to derive a predictive equation for TEE using 6,497 measures of TEE in individuals aged 4 to 96 years.

Improving weight loss and cardiometabolic risk in black patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes: Rationale and protocol for a digital medicine hybrid type 1 implementation trial.

Background: The goal of the PROPEL-IT study is to conduct an effectiveness-implementation (hybrid type 1) study to 1) test the effectiveness of a digital technology focused 24-month, patient-centered precision public health approach to weight-loss, facilitated by an electronic medical record (EMR) in Black patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes, and 2) better understand the external validity and context for implementation.

Methods: Patients in the Intensive Lifestyle Intervention (ILI) participate in a high-intensity behavioral intervention to facilitate weight loss through reducing dietary intake and increasing physical activity. The ILI is delivered by health coaches in the digital medicine program of a large health care organization facilitated by the patient portal of their EMR.

Comparison of Food Selection with the National School Lunch Program Meal Pattern Guidelines and Assessment of Children's Food Intake and Waste Using Digital Photography in a School Cafeteria.

School lunch is an important nutritious food source for children. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) meal patterns guidelines have been established to promote healthier school lunches. This pilot study compared food selection during lunch in a school cafeteria with the NSLP meal pattern guidelines.

Health Literacy Directed Weight Loss Intervention in Primary Care Clinics.

Background: Low income and low health literacy are associated with poorer health knowledge, health behaviors and poor health outcomes. The effectiveness of health literacy-directed weight loss treatment interventions in primary care clinics is lacking.

Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a pragmatic cluster-randomized trial (PROmoting Successful Weight Loss in Primary CarE in Louisiana ([PROPEL]) to test the effectiveness of a 24-month, patient-centered, literacy-directed obesity treatment program delivered within primary care in an underserved population.

Energy expenditure, metabolic adaptation, physical activity and energy intake following weight loss: comparison between bariatric surgery and low-calorie diet.

Objective: Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment to achieve substantial weight loss; however, total daily energy expenditure and physical activity changes in response to such interventions have been seldom explored.

Methods: In this prospective observational study, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) using doubly labeled water and physical activity (SenseWear armband) was assessed in 17 females (mean ± SD: 48.6 ± 9.

Four-year follow-up of weight loss maintenance using electronic medical record data: The PROPEL trial.

Rationale: Short-term weight loss is possible in a variety of settings. However, long-term, free-living weight loss maintenance following structured weight loss interventions remains elusive.

Objective: The purpose was to study body weight trajectories over 2 years of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) and up to 4 years of follow-up versus usual care (UC).

The Role of Whole Food Plant-Based Food Intake on Postprandial Glycemia in Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: A whole food plant-based diet (WFPBD), minimally processed foods with limited consumption of animal products, is associated with improved health outcomes. The benefits of WFPBD are underexplored in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Objective: The primary objective of this analysis is to evaluate the association between WFPBD on glycemia in individuals with T1D.

Prediction of individual weight loss using supervised learning: findings from the CALERIE 2 study.

Background: Predicting individual weight loss (WL) responses to lifestyle interventions is challenging but might help practitioners and clinicians select the most promising approach for each individual.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to develop machine learning (ML) models to predict individual WL responses using only variables known before starting the intervention. In addition, we used ML to identify pre-intervention variables influencing the individual WL response.

Toward Concurrent Identification of Human Activities with a Single Unifying Neural Network Classification: First Step.

The characterization of human behavior in real-world contexts is critical for developing a comprehensive model of human health. Recent technological advancements have enabled wearables and sensors to passively and unobtrusively record and presumably quantify human behavior. Better understanding human activities in unobtrusive and passive ways is an indispensable tool in understanding the relationship between behavioral determinants of health and diseases.

Evaluating the Validity of the PortionSize Smartphone Application for Estimating Dietary Intake in Free-Living Conditions: A Pilot Study.

Objective: Evaluate the validity of the PortionSize application.

Methods: In this pilot study, 14 adults used PortionSize to record their free-living food intake over 3 consecutive days. Digital photography was the criterion measure, and the main outcomes were estimated intake of food (grams), energy (kilocalories), and food groups.

Validity of the PortionSize application compared with that of MyFitnessPal for accurately estimating intake: a randomized crossover laboratory-based evaluation.

Background: PortionSize offers real-time feedback on dietary intake, including intake of MyPlate food groups but requires further evaluation on a larger sample in a laboratory-based setting. MyFitnessPal (MFP) is a commonly used commercial dietary assessment application, and to our knowledge, no known studies have evaluated MFP in a laboratory setting.

Objectives: The overall objective was to test the validity of PortionSize and MFP to accurately measure intake compared with that of weighed food (WB) and to compare error between applications.

The Association Between Diet Quality and Glycemic Outcomes Among People with Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: The amount and type of food consumed impacts the glycemic response and insulin needs of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Daily variability in consumption, reflected in diet quality, may acutely impact glycemic levels and insulin needs.

Objective: Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative (T1DEXI) data were examined to evaluate the impact of daily diet quality on near-term glycemic control and interaction with exercise.

Effect of long-term caloric restriction on telomere length in healthy adults: CALERIE™ 2 trial analysis.

Caloric restriction (CR) modifies lifespan and aging biology in animal models. The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE™) 2 trial tested translation of these findings to humans. CALERIE™ randomized healthy, nonobese men and premenopausal women (age 21-50y; BMI 22.